The issue(s) of minorities in the European peace and security context1

AbstractThis article gives a short analysis of the protection of minorities in the European peace and security context. Starting from a brief description of the complex minority situation in Europe, the author deals with the existing legally and non-legally binding documents adopted by the European organizations, OSCE, Council of Europe and the European Union, relevant for protection of minorities, as well as with the available mechanisms which can be used in the situations in which the position of minorities can affect peace and security. The purpose of the author is to determine whether the existing documents and mechanisms are sufficient for protection of minorities and preservation of peace and security. The paper was presented at the Eight Annual Meeting of the Academic Council on the United Nations Systems, held in New York on 19-21 June 1995.

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Participation, Citizenship and Transfrontier Exchanges – Engaging International Bodies in 2015

European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online ◽

10.1163/22116117_01401006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 120-153

Author(s):

Sarah Stephan

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

International Standards ◽

The European Union ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

The United Nations

This chapter shall focus broadly on the most relevant international developments with a thematic focus on participation, citizenship and transfrontier exchanges in 2015, covering the activities of those international bodies seized to promote relevant international standards and to monitor progress under the auspices the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe and the European Union respectively. The temporal scope of this chapter includes activities that either took place in or were first documented in 2015. The chapter aims to capture key developments and trends.

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Special political missions and their role in a preventive diplomacy: opportunities and challenges

Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations ◽

10.15290/eejtr.2020.04.02.01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 9-25

Author(s):

Małgorzata Myl ◽

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

The European Union ◽

International Peace ◽

Main Attention ◽

Preventive Actions ◽

Peace And Security ◽

The United Nations

Today’s diplomacy is an ambiguous phenomenon which involves many diverse tools and actions undertaken by national and international actors. Diplomacy is undoubtedly one of a key element of international peace and security as it enables disputes and conflicts to be prevented . There is a host of measures and instruments that can be exercised at any stage of a crisis, among which are special political missions. This paper is an attempt to discuss the nature and role of a special political mission in preventive actions. The main attention is paid to the missions established by the United Nations and by the European Union. The considerations resulted in listing strengths of the special political missions and in identifying the challenges that should be faced in order to increase an effectiveness of the missions.

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Participation, Citizenship and Transfrontier Exchanges—2017

European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online ◽

10.1163/22116117_01601005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 98-121

Author(s):

Anna Barlow

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

The European Union ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

The United Nations

This article provides an update on the protection of minorities in Europe during 2017, in the areas of participation, citizenship and transfrontier exchanges. It will summarize developments at the United Nations level as well as regional information from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU) and identify trends.

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Participation, Citizenship and Transfrontier Exchanges—2016

European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online ◽

10.1163/22116117_01501005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

pp. 90-112

Author(s):

Sarah Stephan

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

The European Union ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

The United Nations

This article provides an overview of the international developments in 2016 that took place under the auspices of the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe (CoE), and the European Union (EU), with a thematic focus on participation, citizenship and transfrontier exchanges. It aims to capture some of the key developments and trends during this period.

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Relations between the united nations and the European Union: Multilateral pragmatism in maintaining peace and security

Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu ◽

10.5937/analipfb1803291a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 291-315

Author(s):

Vladimir Ateljević

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

The European Union ◽

Peace And Security ◽

The United Nations

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Instrumenty polityki równości płci w kontekście sytuacji w Polsce

10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.16.5 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 88-109

Author(s):

Wiktoria Domagała

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Equal Opportunities ◽

The European Union ◽

The United Nations

The article undertakes the issue of gender equality policies in the context of its indicators. The main purpose of the paper is to identify the areas of gender inequality, its scale and determinants. Firstly, the article presents the legislation of gender equality policies – its main objectives. Next, the paper discusses indicators that were implemented by organisations such as the Organisation of the United Nations and the European Union. These selected indicators are presented, taking into account the situation in Poland. In conclusion, the paper highlights the main obstacles to the pursuit of equal opportunities for women and men in Poland.

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States, firms, and security: How private actors implement sanctions, lessons learned from the Netherlands

European Journal of International Security ◽

10.1017/eis.2020.21 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Francesco Giumelli ◽

Michal Onderco

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

The United States ◽

United Nations Security Council ◽

The European Union ◽

Public Authorities ◽

For Profit ◽

The United Nations ◽

Private Actors

Abstract While the current practice of the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, and the United States leans towards imposing only targeted sanctions in most of the cases, private actors often complain about inability to process financial transactions, ship goods, or deliver services in countries where sanctions targets are located. The impact of sanctions often ends up being widespread and indiscriminate because sanctions are implemented by for-profit actors. This article investigates how for-profit actors relate to the imposition of sanctions, how they reflect them in their decisions, and how they interact with the public authorities. The findings of our research show that for-profit actors, with the possible exception of the largest multinationals, do not engage with public authorities before the imposition of sanctions. The behaviour of for-profit actors in the implementation phase is in line with the assumption of firms and business as profit-maximisers. Weighting the profits from business against the costs of (non-)compliance and make the decisions that in their view maximise their profit. Indeed, de-risking seems to be the most common approach by the companies due to the uncertainties produced by the multiple and overlapping sanctions regimes imposed by the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States.

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