scholarly journals Significance of level of bifurcation of common carotid artery and variant branches of external carotid artery in cervicofacial surgeries with ontological explanation: a cadaveric study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 3681
Author(s):  
Preeti Sonje ◽  
Neelesh Kanasker ◽  
P. Vatsalaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Thyroid Cartilage ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Facial Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Lingual Artery ◽  
Superior Thyroid Artery ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Branching Pattern

Background: External carotid artery is the main artery supplying the structures of neck and face. Variability in the branching pattern of external carotid artery is important surgically and radiologically from the point of view of procedures carried out in that region. Purpose of the present study was to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery.Methods: Carotid triangle of the neck and the infratemporal fossa was dissected for studying the external carotid artery.Results: Generally the common carotid artery bifurcates at the level of upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage. Level of bifurcation of common carotid artery may vary; it may arise at a lower level or at a higher level than its normal level of origin, which was observed in this study. Amongst the branches of external carotid artery like the superior thyroid artery, the facial artery, the lingual artery usually shows variations in their origin. These include origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery, common trunk for facial and lingual arteries and many other different types of variations were seen in this study.Conclusions: Variant origins of the branches of external carotid artery are of significance in surgeries of thyroid, parotid gland, tongue as well as important in diagnostic procedures of head, neck, face region.

scholarly journals Bilateral anatomical variation in branching pattern of external carotid artery in a male cadaver - a case report

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (02) ◽  
pp. 108-110
Author(s):  
L. Khanal ◽  
P. Baral ◽  
P. Yadav ◽  
A. Pandeya ◽  
S. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Facial Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Superior Thyroid Artery ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Male Cadaver

AbstractDevelopmental anomalies in the origin and branching pattern of the external carotid artery are not common. The level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and also the variations in the origin/branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well known and documented. During a routine dissection of middle aged male cadaver in department of Anatomy in BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) The clinically-relevant variations to be noted were the high origin and anomalous course of the facial artery, superior thyroid artery arising as a branch of Common Carotid artery, high origin of ascending pharyngeal artery, posterior auricular artery and direct glandular branches to the Submandibular gland. Such anatomical variations of external carotid artery are important for surgeons in surgeries of head and neck region and also for radiologists in the image interpretation of the face and neck region.

Lingual and Facial Arteries Arising from the External Carotid Artery in a Common Trunk

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore G. Troupis ◽  
Dimitrios Dimitroulis ◽  
Alexandros Paraschos ◽  
Adamantios Michalinos ◽  
Vassilis Protogerou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Facial Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Lingual Artery ◽  
Superior Thyroid Artery ◽  
Common Trunk

The present study describes analytically a rare case in which lingual and facial arteries arise together from an external carotid artery in a common trunk. Thirty anatomic dissections were performed on 15 cadavers in the macroscopic laboratory in the Department of Anatomy of the Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. One common trunk from which originated lingual and facial arteries was found. The frequency of this morphology is measured at 6 per cent. The length of the common trunk is measured at 7.3 mm between its origin and its diversion at the facial artery and lingual artery, its diameter at 2.8 mm, its distance from carotid bifurcation at 7.9 mm, and from the superior thyroid artery at 3.3 mm. At the left side of the neck region, facial and lingual arteries arose separately. The anatomic variations of the branching pattern of the external carotid artery and the micrometric values of the vessels are especially important as a result of the numerous operations performed in the neck region that implicate various specialties such as general surgery, head and neck surgery, plastic surgery, and maxillofacial surgery.

scholarly journals ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS IN THE BRANCHES OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY IN CADAVERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Prashant Munjamkar ◽  
N. Y. Kamdi
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Facial Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Lingual Artery ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Occipital Artery ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Branching Pattern

Background: External carotid artery (ECA) is the main artery of head and neck region. It has eight named branches to maintain a rich vascularity of most of the structures of head and neck. The present study was undertaken to assess external diameter of ECA at origin and branching pattern of ECA. Methods: A total of 100 carotid specimens of 50 human cadavers (24 males and 26 females) were dissected in the Department of Anatomy at medical colleges and diameter and branching pattern of ECA were noted. Results: The diameter of ECA at its origin was in the ranged between 4.5 to 8 mm with mean of 6.676±0.8053 mm. 77% cases showed normal branching pattern of ECA, the commonest variation was the occurrence of linguofacial trunk (18%) and occipitiauricular trunk (4%). STA and lingual artery (LA) arose commonly from ECA in 71(71%) and 94 cases (94%) respectively. The origin of STA from ECA was statistically significant on left side (56.3%) compare to right (43.7%). Facial artery (FA), occipital artery (OA) and posterior auricular artery (PAA) arises as single branch and common trunk on right and left side. The accessory branches was observed to be present in total 3(3%) cases including 1(33.33%) on right and 2(66.66%) on left side. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the number of branches and branching pattern of ECA is variable and this variations do have a significant role in the various applications of anatomy of ECA for example in embolization, chemotherapy, cervical discectomy, thyroid surgeries etc.

scholarly journals Unilateral variations in the branching pattern of right external carotid artery- a case report

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
P Savithri
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Facial Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Lingual Artery ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Muscular Artery

AbstractA case report of anomalous origin and branching pattern of right external carotid artery found during the dissection of human cadavers is reported here. Knowledge of anatomical variations of external carotid artery is especially important in head & neck surgeries. This knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation. In the case reported here, the right external carotid artery gave direct origin of one of dorsal lingual artery, two stylomastoid arteries, muscular artery and lymph nodal artery along with its normal eight branches. Generally the dorsal lingual arteries are two arising from lingual artery. Contrary to that, in this case the dorsal lingual arteries were found arising one from front of external carotid artery and other from lingual artery, and both these arteries communicated at 4mm beyond their origin. The two stylomastoid arteries arising directly from the front of external carotid artery 4mm above the facial artery were found arising with a gap of 2mm distance from one another. Muscular artery arose directly from the posterior aspect of external carotid artery opposite the anomalous dorsal lingual artery and descended downwards and forwards in its course giving small twigs to surrounding muscles . Lymph nodal artery arising just beside the muscular artery opposite to facial artery passed downwards and laterally and divided into two small twigs to supply a pair of lymph nodes. These lymph nodes are deep cervical nodes measuring about 5x5 mm in size hard in consistency on histopathological examination, found to be nonmalignant.

scholarly journals VARIATION IN ORIGIN OF SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY AND ITS CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A CASE REPORT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Chetan Sahni ◽  
Shivshanker S
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Superior Thyroid Artery ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Arterial Variations ◽  
Male Cadaver ◽  
Iatrogenic Damage ◽  
Unusual Origin

Thyroid surgeries are most common neck surgeries; hence thorough knowledge of the variations in blood supply of this gland to the surgeons is very important to prevent any alarming hemorrhage or iatrogenic damage. We found a variation in origin of superior thyroid artery on right side during routine dissection on an adult male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy, A.I.I.M.S, NewDelhi. Left superior thyroid artery was normal. Right side, superior thyroid artery was arising from common carotid artery instead of external carotid artery, just proximal to the bifurcation of common carotid artery. This variant branching pattern of superior thyroid artery is very rare. The inferior thyroid arteries did not show any unusual origin. Knowledge of such arterial variations related to the thyroid gland is immensely helpful to the surgeons to avoid damage of the vital organs in this region.

scholarly journals ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF OCCIPITOAURICULAR TRUNK FROM EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY. Origen anomalo del tronco occipito-auricular de la arteria carotida externa

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
Prakash B Billakanti
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Present Finding ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common

Las anomalías en el origen y patrón de ramificación de la arteria carótida externa (ACE) son comunes. El nivel de la bifurcación de la arteria carótida común (ACC) y las variaciones en el origen / patrón de ramificación de la arteria carótida externa están bien documentados. En el hallazgo de las arterias occipitales y posteriores surgían de un corto tronco común de la ACE en el lado izquierdo. El conocimiento de las variaciones en el origen y curso de las ramas de la ACE  son de suma importancia en la cirugía. Los cirujanos deben ser conscientes de la posibilidad de encontrar estas variaciones, ya que pueden conducir a dificultades en la distinción de las ramas de la arteria carótida externa. Este conocimiento es también importante para los radiólogos en la interpretación de las imágenes de las regiones de la cara y el cuello.  Anomalies in the origin and branching pattern of the external carotid artery (ECA) are common. The level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the variations in the origin/branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well documented. In the present finding occipital and posterior auricular arteries were arising by a short common trunk from ECA on the left side. Knowledge of variations in the origin and course of branches of ECA is of importance in surgery. Surgeons need to be aware of the possibility of encountering such variations, as they may lead to difficulties in differentiating the branches of external carotid artery. This knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation of the face and neck regions. 

scholarly journals Anatomical Variations in the Origin of Superior Thyroid Artery and its Relation with External Laryngeal Nerve and their Clinical Importance-A Cadaveric Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Manjappa T ◽  
Ruku Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Thyroid Cartilage ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Lingual Artery ◽  
Superior Thyroid Artery ◽  
External Laryngeal Nerve

INTRODUCTION The major arterial supply of thyroid gland is from superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The superior thyroid artery (STA) usually arises from the external carotid artery. The external laryngeal nerve runs in close proximity to the origin of the superior thyroid artery later leaves the artery by turning medially above or below the upper pole of the thyroid gland.   MATERIAL AND METHODS A descriptive study was undertaken on 20 embalmed cadavers. The anterior triangle of neck was dissected bilaterally. The site of origin of STA level of origin in relation to the upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage and relation of the STA with external laryngeal nerve were observed and noted.   RESULTS The STA arises from the external carotid artery in 27.5%, common carotid artery in 62.5%, common carotid bifurcation in 5% and arises by a common trunk with lingual artery at common carotid bifurcation in 5%. The distance from the upper pole to the point where external laryngeal nerve turns medially is more than 10 mm in 50%, less than 10 mm in 25% and 10 mm in 25%.   CONCLUSION The variations in the pattern of origin of the superior thyroid artery and its relation to external laryngeal nerve is a very common phenomenon. The head and neck surgeons must be aware of all possible variations to avoid postoperative complications and legal issues.  

scholarly journals Variations in the Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery in South Kerala Population – A Cadaveric Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 1780-1785
Author(s):  
Manju Sudhakaran ◽  
Mini Alikunju ◽  
Vandana Latha Raveendran ◽  
Umesan Kannanvilakom Govindapillai
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Superior Thyroid Artery ◽  
South Indian Population ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
South Indian

BACKGROUND External carotid arteries account for a major share of arterial supply of head and neck regions. As variations are frequently observed in the branching pattern of external carotid artery, surgeons, radiologists and anaesthetists often encounter difficulties in various procedures of head and neck. The purpose of this study is to describe the variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery as observed in South Indian population which definitely reduces its iatrogenic injuries associated with surgical and radiological procedures of head and neck. METHODS This is cross-sectional descriptive study. Bilateral neck dissection was done on twenty-two formalin fixed cadavers to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery during a period of two years in the Department of Anatomy in Government Medical College, Alappuzha. Common carotid, external carotid and internal carotid arteries were dissected. All the branches of external carotid artery were traced and the variations were noted. The distance between carotid bifurcation and point of origin of individual branches of external carotid were measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS In the present study along with normal branching pattern of external carotid artery, variations like origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery and also from carotid bifurcation were seen. A common linguofacial trunk and direct origin of superior laryngeal artery from external carotid artery were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Prior knowledge of the variations will be helpful to surgeons and anaesthetists while dealing with these vessels during procedures of head and neck regions. KEYWORDS External Carotid Artery, Carotid Bifurcation, Superior Thyroid Artery, Linguofacial Trunk

Regional Cancer Chemotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors by Continuous Intraarterial Infusion

1964 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Di Pietro ◽  
Leandro Gennari
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Superficial Temporal Artery ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Facial Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Lingual Artery ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Vascular Area

The results of treatment through continuous arterial infusion of anticancer drugs in 40 patients with malignant tumors, localized in the vascular area of the external carotid artery, are reported. Most of carcinomas belonged to the oral and pharingeal cavities. The external carotid artery was catheterized directely in 5 cases and indirectely in 28 cases (mostly through the superficial temporal artery); in 6 cases the lingual artery and in 3 cases the facial artery were used. The drugs and total doses employed were as follows: amethopterin (30–150 mg in 10 cases), triethylen-thiophosphoramide (60–300 mg in 9 cases), cyclophosphamide (800–6000 mg in 8 cases), daunomycin (40–280 mg in 8 cases), mitomycin C (20–40 mg in 2 cases), nitrogen mustard (10 mg in 2 cases), busulfan (35 mg in 1 case). The arterial infusion lasted from a minimum of 4 hours to a maximum of 14 days with an average of 6–12 days. In 19 cases (46,5 %) an objective improvement with significant but incomplete regression of the tumor was obtained. The improvement lasted from a minimum of 1 month to a maximum of 8 months. In this study, amethopterin was the most active compound, but only slightly more active than cyclophosphamide and daunomycin. Six patients died because of complications secondary to therapy. The indications and the technique of arterial infusion with anticancer drugs in tumors of the vascular area of the external carotid artery are discussed, as well as the complications related with this type of treatment. The literature about this subject is also reviewed.

scholarly journals Trifurcation of the right common carotid artery

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
R. Chitra
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Occipital Artery ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Male Cadaver ◽  
The Right ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

ABSTRACTVariations in the position of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and the origin or branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well known and documented. Here, we report the trifurcation of the right common carotid artery in a male cadaver aged about 55 years. The right common carotid artery was found to divide into the external and internal carotids and the occipital artery. High division of bilateral common carotid arteries and a lateral position of the right external carotid artery at its origin were also observed in the same cadaver. There were two ascending pharyngeal arteries on the right side - one from the occipital artery and another from the internal carotid artery. The intraarterial approach is one of the most important routes for the administration of anticancer drugs for head and neck cancers. A profound knowledge of the anatomical characteristics and variations of the carotid artery such as its branching pattern and its position is essential to avoid complications with catheter insertion.

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