scholarly journals HIV-2: an overview

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mangala S. Borkar ◽  
Akshay A. Kashid
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-2 is much less common compared to HIV-1, has to be confirmed by HIV-2 Western Blot test and is resistant to Efavirinz and Nevirapine. There are two HIV viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is relatively rare in India. The clinical course of HIV-2 infection is slower, plasma HIV-2 RNA levels are lower as compared to HIV-1 infection, but once the illness progresses to AIDS, the course is similar to HIV-1. In few cases, there may be mixed infection with both HIV-1 and HIV-2,but the course of the illness is like in HIV-1 However ,even in mixed infections, one has to give the therapy as we would in isolated HIV-2 infection. In general it is accepted that therapy in cases of HIV-2 infection should be started before there is clinical progression. Studies recommend starting therapy when CD4 count drops below 500. HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Therapy in HIV-2 patients should include two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus an HIV-2 active boosted protease inhibitor or integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Monitoring of CD4 cell counts and clinical improvement should be used to assess response to treatment. Drugs used in Government ART centres in India under the umbrella of NACO are Tenofovir 300mg + Lamivudine 300 mg + Lopinavir 200 mg + Ritonavir 50 mg and are observed to be beneficial clinically in terms of weight gain, increase in CD4 levels ,prevention and control of opportunistic infections and improved sense of well-being.

scholarly journals INSTIs and NNRTIs Potently Inhibit HIV-1 Polypurine Tract Mutants in a Single Round Infection Assay

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2501
Author(s):  
Steven J. Smith ◽  
Andrea Ferris ◽  
Xuezhi Zhao ◽  
Gary Pauly ◽  
Joel P. Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Integrase Gene ◽  
Polypurine Tract ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Hiv 1

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are a class of antiretroviral compounds that prevent the insertion of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the host genome by targeting the viral enzyme integrase (IN). Dolutegravir (DTG) is a leading INSTI that is given, usually in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), to treat HIV-1 infections. The emergence of resistance to DTG and other leading INSTIs is rare. However, there are recent reports suggesting that drug resistance mutations can occur at positions outside the integrase gene either in the HIV-1 polypurine tract (PPT) or in the envelope gene (env). Here, we used single round infectivity assays to measure the antiviral potencies of several FDA-approved INSTIs and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) against a panel of HIV-1 PPT mutants. We also tested several of our promising INSTIs and NNRTIs in these assays. No measurable loss in potency was observed for either INSTIs or NNRTIs against the HIV-1 PPT mutants. This suggests that HIV-1 PPT mutants are not able, by themselves, to confer resistance to INSTIs or NNRTIs.

scholarly journals An insight on promising strategies hoping to cure HIV-1 infection by targeting Rev protein—short review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahana Pai ◽  
Jayesh Mudgal ◽  
B. Venkatesh Kamath ◽  
K. Sreedhara Ranganath Pai
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Latent Hiv ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection remains to be one of the major threats throughout the world. Many researchers are working in this area to find a cure for HIV-1. The group of the FDA approved drugs which are currently used against HIV-1 in the clinical practice include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), integrase inhibitors (InIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs). Fixed dose combinations (FDCs) of these drugs are available and are used as per the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) guidelines. Despite these, unfortunately, there is no cure for HIV1 infection to date. The present review is focused upon describing the importance of a post-transcriptional regulatory protein “Rev”, responsible for latent HIV-1 infection as a possible, and promising therapeutic target against HIV-1.

scholarly journals HIV Drug Resistance Mutations in Patients with HIV and HIV-TB Coinfection After Failure of First-Line Therapy: A Prevalence Study in a Resource-Limited Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 232595821984906
Author(s):  
Nawaid Hussain Khan ◽  
Mikashmi Kohli ◽  
Kartik Gupta ◽  
Bimal Kumar Das ◽  
Ravindra Mohan Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Limited Setting

Introduction: The present study aimed to report the prevalent HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations in patients with HIV-1 alone and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection alone to improve our understanding of the mutation patterns and aid treatment decisions. Methods: Patients with HIV-1 and HIV-TB on treatment for more than 1 year with suspected failure were recruited. Sequencing of protease and two-thirds of the region of reverse transcriptase gene was done for drug-resistant mutations. Results: In the HIV-TB group (n = 25), 88%, 92%, and 12% had mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs), respectively. In the HIV-alone group (n = 25), 84%, 100%, and 4% had mutations to NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs, respectively. M184V, M41L, D67N, G190A, A98G, and K103N were the most common mutations seen. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of drug-resistant mutations in HIV and HIV-TB coinfected patients.

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