Meritocracy and the Dilemma of Fairness : competing criteria for value judgment

This chapter discusses types of Confucian humanism in East Asia, their manifestations, functions, and shared core value. First of all, it differentiates two types of Confucian humanism: (a) ethno-historical humanism, and (b) culturo-philosophical humanism. The former was baptized in the spirit of temporality while the latter stressed a return to the spontaneity of one’s mind-heart, which was considered to be supra-temporal and supra-spatial. Both types of Confucian humanism took humanity or ren (仁) as their core value. Throughout the history of Confucian humanism, the meaning of ren fell into four categories, namely: (a) ren as the locale of physical and mental relief; (b) ren as the inner awareness of value judgment: (c) ren as social ethics; and (d) ren as political career. Confucius and Zhu Xi were the two major architects of Confucian humanistic thinking. The spirit of Confucian humanism manifested itself in beliefs in a (a) mind-body continuum, (b) self-other harmony, (c) homo-cosmic resonation, and (d) past-present fusion. Moreover, Confucian humanism functioned as (a) socio-cultural nostalgia, (b) political counter-factuality, and (c) day-to-day “practical learning.”

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Improvement Effect of Green Remodeling and Building Value Assessment Criteria for Aging Public Buildings

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041200 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1200

Author(s):

Yong-Joon Jun ◽

Seung-ho Ahn ◽

Kyung-Soon Park

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Energy Usage ◽

Public Buildings ◽

Value Judgment ◽

Relationship Analysis ◽

Improvement Effect ◽

The Relationship ◽

Usage Data

The Green Remodeling Project under South Korea’s Green New Deal policy is a government-led project intended to strengthen the performance sector directly correlated with energy performance among various elements of improvement applicable to building remodeling by replacing insulation materials, introducing new and renewable energy, introducing high-efficiency equipment, etc., with public buildings taking the lead in green remodeling in order to induce energy efficiency enhancement in private buildings. However, there is an ongoing policy that involves the application of a fragmentary value judgment criterion, i.e., whether to apply technical elements confined to the enhancement of the energy performance of target buildings and the prediction of improvement effects according thereto, thus resulting in the phenomenon of another important value criterion for green remodeling, i.e., the enhancement of the occupant (user) comfort performance of target buildings as one of its purposes, being neglected instead. In order to accurately grasp the current status of these problems and to promote ‘expansion of the value judgment criteria for green remodeling’ as an alternative, this study collected energy usage data of buildings actually used by public institutions and then conducted a total analysis. After that, the characteristics of energy usage were analyzed for each of the groups of buildings classified by year of completion, thereby carrying out an analysis of the correlation between the non-architectural elements affecting the actual energy usage and the actual energy usage data. The correlation between the improvement performance of each technical element and the actual improvement effect was also analyzed, thereby ascertaining the relationship between the direction of major policy strategies and the actual energy usage. As a result of the relationship analysis, it was confirmed that the actual energy usage is more affected by the operating conditions of the relevant building than the application of individual strategic elements such as the performance of the envelope insulation and the performance of the high-efficiency system. In addition, it was also confirmed that the usage of public buildings does not increase in proportion to their aging. The primary goal of reducing energy usage in target buildings can be achieved if public sector (government)-led green remodeling is pushed ahead with in accordance with biased value judgment criteria, just as in the case of a campaign to refrain from operating cooling facilities in aging public buildings. However, it was possible to grasp through the progress of this study that the remodeling may also result in the deterioration of environmental comfort and stability, such as the numerical value of the indoor thermal environment. The results of this study have the significance of providing basic data for pushing ahead with a green remodeling policy in which the value judgment criteria for aging existing public buildings are more expanded, and it is necessary to continue research in such a direction that the quantitative purpose of green remodeling, which is to reduce energy usage in aging public buildings, and its qualitative purpose, which is to enhance their environmental performance for occupants’ comfort, can be mutually balanced and secured at the same time.

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Difficulties in Comprehending Affirmative and Negative Sentences: Evidence From Chinese Children With Reading Difficulties

Journal of Learning Disabilities ◽

10.1177/0022219417714775 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 181-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shenai Hu ◽

Maria Vender ◽

Gaetano Fiorin ◽

Denis Delfitto

Keyword(s):

Mandarin Chinese ◽

Reading Difficulties ◽

Judgment Task ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Behavioral Data ◽

Poor Readers ◽

Value Judgment ◽

General Validity ◽

Truth Value

Recent experimental results suggest that negation is particularly challenging for children with reading difficulties. This study looks at how young poor readers, speakers of Mandarin Chinese, comprehend affirmative and negative sentences as compared with a group of age-matched typical readers. Forty-four Chinese children were tested with a truth value judgment task. The results reveal that negative sentences were harder to process than affirmative ones, irrespective of the distinction between poor and typical readers. Moreover, poor readers performed worse than typical readers in comprehending sentences, regardless of whether they were affirmative or negative sentences. We interpret the results as (a) confirming the two-step simulation hypothesis, based on the result that the difficulty in processing negation has a general validity (persisting in pragmatically felicitous contexts), and (b) disconfirming that negation, as far as behavioral data are concerned, can be used as a reliable linguistic predictor of reading difficulties.

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Value-Judgment in Sociology

American Sociological Review ◽

10.2307/2084719 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 862 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hornell Hart

Keyword(s):

Value Judgment

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Cognitive level, cognitive style, and value judgment

Science Education ◽

10.1002/sce.3730610315 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 397-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Anton E. Lawson ◽

Warren T. Wollman

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Style ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Value Judgment

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Value Judgment and Social Science: Structures and Processes.

American Sociological Review ◽

10.2307/2093519 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 130

Author(s):

C. Jack Tucker ◽

Eugene J. Meehan ◽

Gunnar Myrdal

Keyword(s):

Social Science ◽

Value Judgment

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Linguistic cues facilitate children’s understanding of belief-reporting sentences

First Language ◽

10.1177/01427237211048669 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 014272372110486

Author(s):

Xiaowen Zhang ◽

Peng Zhou

Keyword(s):

Gold Medal ◽

Judgment Task ◽

False Belief ◽

Value Judgment ◽

Additional Information ◽

Linguistic Cues ◽

Truth Value ◽

The Difference ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Mental Verbs

It has been well-documented that although children around 4 years start to attribute false beliefs to others in classic false-belief tasks, they are still less able to evaluate the truth-value of propositional belief-reporting sentences, especially when belief conflicts with reality. This article investigates whether linguistic cues, verb factivity in particular, can facilitate children’s understanding of belief-reporting sentences. Two experiments were implemented, one testing children’s knowledge of verb factivity using a gold medal task, and one investigating children’s interpretation of belief-reporting sentences using a truth-value-judgment task. Both experiments took advantage of the contrast between neutral non-factive mental verbs and strong negatively biased mental verbs. What sets the two apart is that the complement clause following a strong negatively biased mental verb is definitely false, whereas the one following a neutral non-factive mental verb remains indeterminate in the absence of additional information. The findings were that, first, 4-year-old children were able to tell the difference between the two types of mental verbs in factivity, and second, children’s performance was significantly improved when a strong negatively biased mental verb than when a neutral non-factive mental verb was used as the main verb of the belief-reporting sentences. The findings suggest that the use of strong negatively biased mental verbs facilitates children’s understanding of belief-reporting sentences. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the underlying mechanisms connecting verb factivity and false-belief understanding.

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