Research on the Safety and Security Distance of Above-Ground Liquefied Gas Storage Tanks and Dispensers

Many countries lack clear legal requirements on the distance between buildings and petrol station facilities. The regulations in force directly determine the petrol station facilities’ required distance to buildings, and such distances are considered relevant for newly designed and reconstructed buildings. Public buildings must be located no closer than 60 m to the above-ground liquefied gas tanks and liquid gas dispensers. Still, based on engineering calculations and the applied technical measures, it is possible to determine a safe distance for buildings that are constructed, extended and reconstructed, to which superstructures are added or whose utilisation method changes. The paper presents the results of calculations devoted to determining a safe distance between public buildings and LPG filling station facilities, using selected analytical models. The analyses were carried out for the LPG gas system commonly used in petrol stations, consisting of two gas storage tanks of 4.85 m3 capacity each, and a dispenser. It is legitimate to eliminate the obligation to observe the 60 m distance between LPG filling stations and public buildings and the mandatory distance of 60 m between liquefied gas dispensers and public buildings is not justified in light of the implemented requirements to use various protections at self-service liquefied gas filling stands.

Generative design of 3D printed hands-free door handles for reduction of contagion risk in public buildings

During the emergency caused by COVID 19 evidence has been provided about the risk of easily getting the virus by touching contaminated surfaces and then by touching eyes, mouth, or nose with infected hands. In view of the restarting of daily activities in presence, it is paramount to put in place any strategy that, in addition to social distancing, is capable to positively impact on the safety levels in public buildings by reducing such risk. The main aim of this paper is to conceive a design methodology, based on a digital, flawless, and sustainable procedure, for producing human-building interfacing solutions that allow anybody to interact in a safer and more comfortable way. Such solutions are focused on the adaptation of existing buildings features and are thought to be an alternative to sensor based touchless technology when this is not applicable due to economic or time constraints. The process is based on the integration of digital technologies such as 3D Scanning, Generative Design and Additive Manufacturing and is optimised to be intuitive and to be adaptive, hence, to be replicable on different kinds of surfaces. The design concept is finalised to generate automatically different products that meet geometry fitting requirements and therefore adapt to the specific geometries of existing handles. A specific case on Hands Free Door Handles is presented and the results of manufacturing and preliminary validation process are provided and discussed.

Forensic Construction Investigation of Reconstructed Premises

The article addresses solving the issue of the possibility of preserving reconstructed premises or carrying out proposed reconstruction works in the course of in the course of construction forensic investigation. The significance of the problem attributes to the volume of the stock of residential and public buildings which are older than 40 years (according to statistics, the housing stock of Russia in 1980 was 1,861 million m2 , in 2015 – 3,581 million m2 ), outdated layouts of premises, and the evolved consumers’ idea of comfort.A construction expert’s task is to determine if there is a possibility to change the layout, the function of premises to improve living conditions, or reconstruction poses a threat to the state of the object, its further proper operation, the integrity of the installed engineering systems, the appearance of the facades, nearby buildings and structures. Using regulatory material, the authors consider the criteria for solving this problem, present the procedure for conducting studies of buildings or structures, building materials, structures, and relevant documents in this line of forensic construction examination. Finally, the article gives specific examples of the redevelopment of apartments, a proposed reconstruction of the kindergarten premises.It is noted that the reliability of experts’ opinions is based on a comprehensive, unbiased analysis of all the technical and economic characteristics of construction objects, verification of documentation, an inspection of structures for compliance with the requirements of federal laws, rules, and regulations.

The Architectural Typology of Contemporary Façades for Public Buildings in the European Context

In contemporary architecture, a border between an exterior and an interior—a façade—is variously designed in terms of form, style, response to climate or culture, individual approach or tools used. Despite the diversity and multi-tread theoretical and practical discourse, the Authors propose the typology of contemporary façades for public buildings (open to society) in the context of European cities by extracting comprehensive architectural features. The term systematic reflects the complexness of the issue by the newly proposed element. Namely, it is a representation of a particular architectural feature with the use of scale. The elaboration consists of (1) an introduction with a literature review and thesis, (2) our aim and method, (3) a historical background; case studies, and systematics introduction (4) conclusions with typology proposal.

Endings (c. AD 380–400)

The evidence for London’s late fourth century decline is put under the microscope. The paucity and problematic interpretation of dating evidence is discussed, but it is concluded that important elements of London’s urban infrastructure were in serious disrepair from as early as the 380s. Some main roads could no longer have carried regular wheeled traffic. Sites of former public buildings on the margins of towns were converted into small cemeteries in the late fourth century, showing that the city was still populated but on a reduced scale and hinting at a closer relationship between communities of the living and communities of the dead. Rich assemblages recovered from within some wells within the town are thought likely to represent termination rituals, as properties were closed and households departed. Abandonment horizons can also be described from the finds left behind over the latest floors of some houses. These acts of closure and departure may also have begun in the 380s, perhaps under Magnus Maximus who had briefly revived London’s mint but also withdrew troops and administrators from Britain. Whilst the city may still have been occupied into the fifth century, this is far from certain, and there is no evidence of repair and refurbishment of urban properties beyond the last years of the fourth century. This evidence of redundancy and retreat seems consistent with the interrupted history of the diocesan administration. London had become marginal city of relatively little importance to Rome.

City of emperors (c. AD 285–350)

This chapter explores the archaeological evidence from London for the short-lived ‘British Empire’ of Carausius and his successor Allectus, when the city gained the pretensions of an imperial capital. Allectus commissioned a massive new public building complex along the riverside. This appears to have incorporated two unusually late examples of classical temples, which were perhaps attached to an imperial palace. In addition to summarizing previously published work, the text includes new speculations as to the character and identity of these temples. The suggestion that the boat found at County Hall in 1910 had been built as part of Carausius’ fleet is tentatively revived. The mint established at this time continued in operation after Constantius’s reconquest of Britain and Constantine’s subsequent assumption of power. The archaeological remains of this period are described to show that London remained an important administrative centre, but power was exercised from private houses and compounds. The city was no longer a port of consequence, and several of London’s most important public buildings were made redundant, quarried for buildings materials, and replaced by workshops.

DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTIVE VENTILATION IN MULTIFUNCTIONAL LARGE-SCALE SPACE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Проанализирована актуальность строительства объектов культурно-массового назначения. Описана целесообразность проектирования многофункциональных трансформируемых помещений для общественных зданий. Приведены достоинства и недостатки применения рециркуляции воздуха как способа энергосбережения. Акцентировано внимание на поддержании чистоты воздуха в помещении и способах борьбы с бактериями и вирусами в приточном воздухе. Предложена схема многозональной общеобменной вентиляции воздуха без рециркуляции с блокированием кондиционеров для взаимозаменяемости с целью обеспечения микроклимата в многофункциональных помещениях общественных зданий. Описана последовательность работы системы вентиляции в теплый и холодный период года. Разработана система рекуперации с промежуточным холодоносителем для теплого периода года. Приведено описание работы установки кондиционирования воздуха. На примере реально существующего объекта выполнено численное исследование режимов работы системы вентиляции с рекуперацией теплоты и холода для трансформируемого помещения. Построен график для определения граничных условий работы рекуператора исходя из соотношения между интенсивностью теплообмена за счёт конвекции и интенсивностью теплообмена за счёт теплопроводности. При различных наружных температурах воздуха и расчетных температурах уходящего воздуха построены графики определения оптимальных параметров температуры воздуха на входе в утилизатор при оптимальных значениях водяного эквивалента . Выявлены и описаны режимы работы кондиционеров с теплоутилизатором в теплый период года, работающих в составе многозональной общеобменной вентиляции воздуха с блокированием кондиционеров для взаимозаменяемости. В ходе численного исследования выявлено, что наибольшая энергоэффективность системы вентиляции с рекуператором будет достигнута при принятии в качестве оптимального значения водяного эквивалента W = 3. We analyzed the relevance of cultural facilities construction. As well, we described the expediency of designing multifunctional transformable spaces for public buildings. Moreover we presented advantages and disadvantages of using air recirculation as a method of energy saving. A special attention is focused on maintaining indoor air clean and on various ways of combatting bacteria and viruses in the intake air. We offered a scheme of multi-zone forced air ventilation without recirculation with blocking air conditioners for interchangeability in order to provide a microclimate in multifunctional spaces of public buildings. We described the sequence of operations in the ventilation system in warm and cold seasons. We also developed a recuperation system with an intermediate refrigerant for warm seasons. The article presents a detailed description of the air conditioning unit operation. We carried out a numerical study of the operating modes of the ventilation system with heat and cold recovery for transformable spaces on the example of a real-existing facility. We show a graph to determine the boundary conditions of the recuperator operation based on the ratio between the intensity of heat transfer due to convection and the intensity of heat transfer due to thermal conductivity. At various outside air temperatures and design temperatures of the outgoing air, we created some graphs for determining the optimal parameters of the air temperature at the inlet to the heat exchanger at the optimal values of the water equivalent. We identified and described several modes of operation of air conditioners with a heat exchanger in warm seasons, operating as part of a multi-zone forced air ventilation with blocking air conditioners for interchangeability. In the course of a numerical study, it was revealed that the highest energy efficiency of a ventilation system with a recuperator could be achieved when the water equivalent value W = 3 is taken as the optimal value.