The Hula Valley (Israel): From Nature to Anthropogenic Management, A Review

The long history, from Stone-Age period until present, of settling in the HulaValleyis reviewed. This Valley land, 17.7X103 ha, was mostly covered by swamps and old Lake Hula. Population size of settlers in the Valle and in close vicinity was very small. The swamps in the Valley were mostly (app 85%) covered by Cyperus papyrus vegetation. Three major headwaters discharges were fluxed through the swampy area into Lake Hula from which the Jordan river outflow continued downstream into Lake Kinneret. Anthropogenic usage of the Hula Valley hydrological and vegetation (Papyrus for mats production and grass for cattle grazing) resources were poorly implemented. During the 1950`s of the 20th century the swamps and the Hula Lake were drained and the entire valley land was converted into agricultural utilization. The significance of that environmental modification is discussed.

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Using tree population size structures to assess the impacts of cattle grazing and eucalypts plantations in subtropical South America

Biodiversity and Conservation ◽

10.1007/s10531-010-9796-y ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1683-1698 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Iliane Freitas de Souza ◽

Alexandre F. Souza ◽

Marco Aurélio Pizo ◽

Gislene Ganade

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Population Size ◽

Cattle Grazing ◽

Tree Population

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Early line and hook fishing at the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat (Northern Israel)

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257710 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. e0257710

Author(s):

Antonella Pedergnana ◽

Emanuela Cristiani ◽

Natalie Munro ◽

Francesco Valletta ◽

Gonen Sharon

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Fish Assemblage ◽

Fish Behavior ◽

Integrated System ◽

Jordan River ◽

Plant Fibers ◽

Early Date ◽

Use Wear ◽

Hula Valley ◽

Transition To Agriculture

Nineteen broken and complete bone fish hooks and six grooved stones recovered from the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat in the Hula Valley of Israel represent the largest collection of fishing technology from the Epipaleolithic and Paleolithic periods. Although Jordan River Dureijat was occupied throughout the Epipaleolithic (~20–10 kya the fish hooks appear only at the later stage of this period (15,000–12,000 cal BP). This paper presents a multidimensional study of the hooks, grooved stones, site context, and the fish assemblage from macro and micro perspectives following technological, use wear, residue and zooarchaeological approaches. The study of the fish hooks reveals significant variability in hook size, shape and feature type and provides the first evidence that several landmark innovations in fishing technology were already in use at this early date. These include inner and outer barbs, a variety of line attachment techniques including knobs, grooves and adhesives and some of the earliest evidence for artificial lures. Wear on the grooved stones is consistent with their use as sinkers while plant fibers recovered from the grooves of one hook shank and one stone suggest the use of fishing line. This together with associations between the grooved stones and hooks in the same archaeological layers, suggests the emergence of a sophisticated line and hook technology. The complexity of this technology is highlighted by the multiple steps required to manufacture each component and combine them into an integrated system. The appearance of such technology in the Levantine Epipaleolithic record reflects a deep knowledge of fish behavior and ecology. This coincides with significant larger-scale patterns in subsistence evolution, namely broad spectrum foraging, which is an important first signal of the beginning of the transition to agriculture in this region.

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Phosphorus and nitrogen transport mechanisms from the Hula Valley to the Jordan River

Israel Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1560/ijes.58.2.87 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 87-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ami Nishri

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Transport ◽

Transport Mechanisms ◽

Jordan River ◽

Hula Valley

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Pleistocene amphibians and squamates from the Upper Jordan Rift Valley, Gesher Benot Ya’aqov and Nahal Mahanayeem Outlet (MIS 20–18 and MIS 4/3)

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1017/qua.2018.82 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 345-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rebecca Biton ◽

Salvador Bailon ◽

Naama Goren-Inbar ◽

Gonen Sharon ◽

Rivka Rabinovich

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Rift Valley ◽

Aquatic Species ◽

Human Occupation ◽

Considerable Part ◽

Water Lake ◽

Hula Valley ◽

The Many ◽

Lake Hula ◽

Fresh Water Lake

ABSTRACTThe Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (GBY) and the Mousterian site of Nahal Mahanayeem Outlet (NMO) are open-air sites situated on the bank of the Upper Jordan River at its southern estuary in the Hula Valley, Israel. Both sites were deposited on the shore of a paleo-Lake Hula, a shallow body of water that persisted throughout a considerable part of the Pleistocene as a fresh-water lake. Most of the amphibian and squamate taxa recovered are aquatic species related to the natural biota of the Hula Valley, alongside some terrestrial species. Twelve amphibian and squamate taxa were recovered at each site. Most of the species recovered from the archaeological contexts do not differ from extant Hula Valley amphibians and squamates, with the exception of a varanid (Varanussp.) recovered at GBY and the possible presence of the eastern fourlined ratsnake (cf.Elaphe sauromates). The snake’s presence could indicate slightly cooler conditions during human occupation at NMO. A noteworthy continuity in species presence is observed throughout the many archaeological horizons as well as in comparison to the current Hula basin fauna. This suggests a surprising similarity in environmental conditions over a significant portion of the Quaternary in this region.

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Hydrochemistry of the main Jordan River sources: Dan, Banias, and Kezinim springs, north Hula Valley, Israel

Israel Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1560/rrmw-9wxd-31vu-mwhn ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 52 (3-4) ◽

pp. 155-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Dafna Gur ◽

Miryam Bar-Matthews ◽

Eitan Sass

Keyword(s):

Jordan River ◽

Hula Valley

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ALGAL FLORA IN THE HULA VALLEY—PAST AND PRESENT

Israel Journal of Plant Sciences ◽

10.1080/07929978.1998.10676723 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 155-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Utsa Pollingher ◽

Tamar Zohary ◽

Tatiana Fishbein

Keyword(s):

Algal Species ◽

Algal Flora ◽

Species List ◽

The North ◽

Hula Valley ◽

Lake Agmon ◽

Ca 50 ◽

Shallow Water Body ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Lake Hula

Lake Agmon, a small shallow water body (area 1.1 km2, mean depth <lm) was created in April 1994 as part of the Hula restoration project in the dried peat-soils of the Hula Valley. Until ca. 50 years ago, this area was covered with swamps, extending to the north of Lake Hula. We followed changes over time in the abundance and species composition of the algal populations in Lake Agmon over the initial 4 years that followed its creation, consolidated the existing information on the algal populations of the extinct Lake Hula, and compared the Lake Agmon algal populations with those reported from Lake Hula and with those present in Lake Rinneret. Altogether, 276 algal species were found in Lake Agmon, including 140 chlorophytes, 48 euglenophytes, 34 cyanophytes, 31 diatoms, 8 cryptophytes, 8 dinoflagellates, and 4 chrysophytes. A comprehensive species list for Lake Hula was also compiled, based on the limited published accounts. The similarities between the past and present algal communities in the Hula Valley were great: most diatom, dinoflagellate, chrysophyte, euglenophyte, and large chlorophyte and cyanophyte genera that are seen today in Lake Agmon were also reported from Lake Hula. However, the Hula list of genera was shorter than the Lake Agmon list in some particular categories. The lack of most of the nannoplanktonic Chlorococcales, and all cryptophytes and other small flagellates from the Hula list was attributed to different sampling and preservation methods in the early days; the absence of most filamentous cyanobacteria is considered a real difference, possibly resulting from the more eutrophic status of Lake Agmon. Notably, the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense, which blooms annually in Lake Kinneret downstream of the Hula Valley, was not recorded in Lake Hula and did not occur in Lake Agmon.

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Reduction of spermatogonia and testosterone in rat testes flown on space lab-3

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100142864 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 248-249

Author(s):

Delbert E. Philpott ◽

W. Sapp ◽

C. Williams ◽

T. Fast ◽

J. Stevenson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Social Status ◽

Population Size ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Social Rank ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Testicular Development ◽

Organ Weights ◽

Reproductive Maturation ◽

Metabolic Activities

Space Lab 3 (SL-3) was flown on Shuttle Challenger providing an opportunity to measure the effect of spaceflight on rat testes. Cannon developed the idea that organisms react to unfavorable conditions with highly integrated metabolic activities. Selye summarized the manifestations of physiological response to nonspecific stress and he pointed out that atrophy of the gonads always occurred. Many papers have been published showing the effects of social interaction, crowding, peck order and confinement. Flickinger showed delayed testicular development in subordinate roosters influenced by group numbers, social rank and social status. Christian reported increasing population size in mice resulted in adrenal hypertrophy, inhibition of reproductive maturation and loss of reproductive function in adults. Sex organ weights also declined. Two male dogs were flown on Cosmos 110 for 22 days. Fedorova reported an increase of 30 to 70% atypical spermatozoa consisting of tail curling and/or the absence of a tail.

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