The effect of seasonal flooding and livelihood activities on retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in Cyperus papyrus wetlands, the role of aboveground biomass

With growing demand for food production in Africa, protecting wetlands and combining increased agricultural production with conservation of the ecological integrity of wetlands is urgent. The role of aboveground biomass of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) in the storage and retention of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) was studied in two wetland sites in East Africa under seasonally and permanently flooded conditions. Nyando wetland (Kenya) was under anthropogenic disturbance from agriculture and vegetation harvesting, whereas Mara wetland (Tanzania) was less disturbed. Maximum papyrus culm growth was described well by a logistic model (regressions for culm length with R2 from 0.70 to 0.99), with culms growing faster but not taller in Nyando than in Mara. Maximum culm length was greater in permanently than in seasonally flooded zones. Total aboveground biomass was higher in Mara than in Nyando. The amounts of N and P stored were higher in Mara than in Nyando. In disturbed sites, papyrus plants show characteristics of r-selected species leading to faster growth but lower biomass and nutrient storage. These findings help to optimize management of nutrient retention in natural and constructed wetlands.

PENGGUNAAN LAHAN BASAH BUATAN ALIRAN VERTIKAL BAWAH PERMUKAAN DENGAN TANAMAN Typha latifolia DAN Cyperus papyrus DALAM MENYISIHKAN BESI (Fe) DAN MANGAN (Mn) PADA AIR SUMUR BOR

Air sumur bor pada salah satu rumah di Jl. SMK 1 Gambut, Kecamatan Gambut, Kabupaten Banjar mengandung konsentrasi besi (Fe) dan mangan (Mn) yang melebihi standar baku mutu menurut PerMenKes RI No. 32 Tahun 2017 yaitu konsentrasi Fe tidak lebih dari 1 mg/L dan Mn 0,5 mg/L. Salah satu teknologi untuk menyisihkan konsentrasi Fe dan Mn adalah Lahan Basah Buatan Aliran Vertikal Bawah Permukaan (LBB-AVBP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas LBB-AVBP dalam menyisihkan Fe dan Mn pada air sumur bor menggunakan tanaman Typha latifolia dan Cyperus papyrus serta menentukan waktu kontak optimal yang diperlukan sistem pengolahan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan reactor berbahan kayu yang dilapisi plastik dengan dimensi 90 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm serta menggunakan tanaman Typha latifolia dan Cyperus papyrus, dengan media tanam tanah dicampurkan dengan 10% pupuk kandang sapi. Sistem aliran LBB- AVBP secara kontinyu dengan variasi waktu kontak 1, 3, dan 5 hari, debit pengaliran 20 mL/menit, 6 mL/menit, dan 4 mL/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa LBB-AVBP efektif dalam menyisihkan konsentrasi Fe dan Mn dengan tingkat efisiensi penyisihan Fe sebesar 99,94% dan penyisihan Mn sebesar 88,36%. Waktu kontak optimal menyisihkan Fe dan Mn menggunakan tanaman Typha latifolia adalah pada waktu kontak 1 hari, sedangkan pada tanaman Cyperus papyrus waktu kontak 3 hari. Kata Kunci : air sumur bor, besi, Cyperus papyrus, lahan basah buatan aliran vertikal bawah permukaan, mangan, Typha latifolia. The wellbore water in one of the houses at SMK 1 Gambut’s Street, Gambut’s Sub-district, Banjar’s district contains concentrations of Fe and Mn more than maximum limit allowed by Regulation of the Minister of Health the Republic of Indonesia number 32 of 2017, the concentrations of Fe shouldn’t be more than 1 mg/L and Mn 0,5 mg/L. One of technology could be used to eliminate Fe and Mn is Vertical Subsurface flow constructed wetland. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of LBB-AVBP to eliminate Fe and Mn in the drilled wells water using Typha latifolia and Cyperus papyrus and the optimal contact time required in the processing system. This research using a reactor made of wood coated with plastic with dimension 90 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm using Typha latifolia and Cyperus papyrus with the soil media mixing 10 % of cow manure. LBB-AVBP system continuously with contact time 1, 3, and 5 days, the debit is 20 ml/minute, 6 ml/minute, and 4 ml/minute. LBB-AVBP effective to eliminate the concentration of Fe and Mn respectively at 99,94% and 88,36%. The optimal contact time to eliminate Fe and Mn using Typha latifolia is 1 days, Cyperus papyrus is 3 days. Keywords: Cyperus papyrus, iron, manganese, Typha latifolia, vertical Subsurface flow constructed wetland, wellbore water.

A new classification of Carex (Cyperaceae) subgenera supported by a HybSeq backbone phylogenetic tree

The field of systematics is experiencing a new molecular revolution driven by the increased availability of high-throughput sequencing technologies. As these techniques become more affordable, the increased genomic resources have increasingly far-reaching implications for our understanding of the Tree of Life. With c. 2000 species, Carex (Cyperaceae) is one of the five largest genera of angiosperms and one of the two largest among monocots, but the phylogenetic relationships between the main lineages are still poorly understood. We designed a Cyperaceae-specific HybSeq bait kit using transcriptomic data of Carex siderosticta and Cyperus papyrus. We identified 554 low-copy nuclear orthologous loci, targeting a total length of c. 1 Mbp. Our Cyperaceae-specific kit shared loci with a recently published angiosperm-specific Anchored Hybrid Enrichment kit, which enabled us to include and compile data from different sources. We used our Cyperaceae kit to sequence 88 Carex spp., including samples of all the five major clades in the genus. For the first time, we present a phylogenetic tree of Carex based on hundreds of loci (308 nuclear exon matrices, 543 nuclear intron matrices and 66 plastid exon matrices), demonstrating that there are six strongly supported main lineages in Carex: the Siderostictae, Schoenoxiphium, Unispicate, Uncinia, Vignea and Core Carex clades. Based on our results, we suggest a revised subgeneric treatment and provide lists of the species belonging to each of the subgenera. Our results will inform future biogeographic, taxonomic, molecular dating and evolutionary studies in Carex and provide the step towards a revised classification that seems likely to stand the test of time.