Early line and hook fishing at the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat (Northern Israel)

Nineteen broken and complete bone fish hooks and six grooved stones recovered from the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat in the Hula Valley of Israel represent the largest collection of fishing technology from the Epipaleolithic and Paleolithic periods. Although Jordan River Dureijat was occupied throughout the Epipaleolithic (~20–10 kya the fish hooks appear only at the later stage of this period (15,000–12,000 cal BP). This paper presents a multidimensional study of the hooks, grooved stones, site context, and the fish assemblage from macro and micro perspectives following technological, use wear, residue and zooarchaeological approaches. The study of the fish hooks reveals significant variability in hook size, shape and feature type and provides the first evidence that several landmark innovations in fishing technology were already in use at this early date. These include inner and outer barbs, a variety of line attachment techniques including knobs, grooves and adhesives and some of the earliest evidence for artificial lures. Wear on the grooved stones is consistent with their use as sinkers while plant fibers recovered from the grooves of one hook shank and one stone suggest the use of fishing line. This together with associations between the grooved stones and hooks in the same archaeological layers, suggests the emergence of a sophisticated line and hook technology. The complexity of this technology is highlighted by the multiple steps required to manufacture each component and combine them into an integrated system. The appearance of such technology in the Levantine Epipaleolithic record reflects a deep knowledge of fish behavior and ecology. This coincides with significant larger-scale patterns in subsistence evolution, namely broad spectrum foraging, which is an important first signal of the beginning of the transition to agriculture in this region.

Water Quality Trading Framework with Uncertainty for River Systems Due to Climate and Population Characteristics

Climate change and population growth serve as fundamental problems in assessing potential impacts on future surface water quality. In addition to uncertainties in climate depicted in various representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios, futuristic population growth mimicking historical conditions is subject to uncertainties related to changing development patterns. The combination of climate change and population characteristics exacerbates concerns regarding the future water quality performance of river systems. Previous studies have established linkages among future climate, population impacts and watershed water quality performance. However, these linkages have not been specifically incorporated into water quality trading programs. Rather than temporally-variant adjustment factors, WQT programs use constant margins of safety for pollutant reduction credits resulting in trade ratios that do not explicitly account for futuristic climate and population uncertainties. Hence, this study proposes a conceptual framework for water quality trading establishing adjustment factors as margins of safety on trade ratios for pollutant reduction credits examining climate and population characteristics separately followed by evaluating them combined. This new framework is demonstrated using a programming script that calculates the margins of safety based on simulation results conducted through a water quality model of the Jordan River in Salt Lake City, UT, USA over a 3-year timeframe. With margins of safety over magnitudes of ±2 over the Jordan River simulations, this research introduces the framework as a foundation for developing adjustment factors for addressing climatic and population characteristics upon river systems.

The Hague International Court of Law and Israel The Jewish Settlements A Reflection to the Nearest Past

One of the major problems that the hague international court of law is trying to deal with is the question about the legality of the jewish settelments at the west bank of the Jorden river-one of the outcomes from the 1967 war. Throughout history, the treatment of non-combatant civilian populations has been examined from various angles, most prominently with respect to the issue of the displacement of those on the losing side of a conflict, while the victorious party often settles the seized land with "less desirable" elements within its own population.[1]This phenomenon is repeated in the exile of the Jewish people throughout history; the exile of criminals from England to Australia between 1788 and 1868; and in the appalling efforts of ethnic cleansing pursued by the Nazis in the Second World War, the Soviet Union's purge in Eastern Europe the 1950s, or the French rule of Algeria.[2]This has been the case in countless wars and conflicts worldwide, one of the most prominent of which is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Here, the issue at heart is Jewish settlement in an area the Palestinians call the "West Bank" of the Jordan River and that Jews refer to as "Judea and Samaria" and see as an inextricable part of their ancestral homeland, of which they had been robbed and which they liberated.On November 18, 2019, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced an announcement that in this article I wish to examen as a reflection to the major problem that the hague court of law call that this is "a crime of war" and Israel call it "our legal right"-who is on the right side? At first glance, this statement seems to contradict everything that has been said, done statement? Or is it that the concept of "illegal settlements" is a distortion of the Geneva Convention?[3]The first chapter of this essay focuses on international law and whether it is a doctrine set in stone or a mutable fabric of woven conventions, including some that may be politically motivated or biased with respect to a certain issue, namely, populating disputed areas with the people of a party perceived as an occupying force.The second chapter of this essay focuses on the dispute over the settlement enterprise in the Israeli-Palestinian case and how it is viewed from a number of completely different perspectives.The third chapter of this essay focuses on the circumstances and motives that drove the latest American administration to make such a controversial statement.the big question is are these circumstances still valid under a new American regime? how such statement affects the Hauge court decisions about investigate the so called war crimes made in Israel?The final chapter of this essay will summarize and attempt to predict the future results of this move: Whether Israel — as the Palestinians have already warned[4] — plans to exploit the court move in favor of annexing areas it perceives as a bulwark against threats to its sovereignty, such as the Jordan Valley; or whether this move will brace the parties' ability to, for example, explore a land swap, and will this render the two-state solution[5] upon which the Israeli-Palestinian peace process has been so far based invalid.This paper will try to outline the possibilities this decision of the court may herald, and delve into its implications, reasoning, and potential consequences. On this days that we make the scope on the Hague court to check Israel crime of war this essay will try to open another scope to events that occurred only three years ago.[1] Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, p.50[2] Barclay, F (2017). "Settler colonialism and French Algeria" in Settler Colonial Studies, Vol. 8, no.2, pp.115-130[3] Baker, Alan (2019). "The Legality of Israel’s Settlements: Flaws in the Carter-Era Hansell Memorandum," Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs[4] Kuttab, Daoud (2019). "Pompeo's gift to Netanyahu might bring about new Israeli annexation," Al-Monitor.com[5] The two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict envisages an independent Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel, west of the Jordan River. It is at the core of the 1993 Oslo Accords signed between the parties.

The Arab-Israeli and Israeli-Palestinian Conflicts in the Netanyahu/Trump Era, 2017–20

In the last few years, especially in his April 2019, September 2019 and March 2020 electoral campaigns, Netanyahu said Israel would soon annex much of the West Bank, especially the Jordan River valley. However, there is strong Israeli opposition to annexation, especially from the security establishment, which fears it would precipitate a major Palestinian uprising. Moreover, many Israeli political analysts are doubtful that Netanyahu will proceed to outright annexation and instead settle for de facto “creeping” annexation over large portions of the West Bank, especially all the Jewish settlements. The Trump administration would almost certainly support that, as its “Trump Plan” continues its unconditional support for all of Netanyahu’s policies and goals. In Gaza, in practice Hamas has given up its goal of taking over all of historic Palestine, including Israel, and will settle for Israeli acquiescence in its continued rule over Gaza. There are increasing indications that Israel might do so, providing that Hamas ends all attacks on Israel from Gaza. Moreover, Israel has long wanted to separate Gaza from the West Bank, thus preventing the creation of a unified Palestinian state.

Floristic study and conservation value analysis of the Jordán river middle basin forest (Jujuy, Argentina)

The floristic study and the conservation value analysis of forest from the Jordan river middle basin are addressed in this research. This vegetation forms part of the subtropical mountain forests or Yungas, one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Present forest species were surveyed, and the vegetation Interest Conservation index (INCON) was determined based on a series of conservation value criteria (Phytocenotic, Territorial, Mesological, Ethnobotanical, Perceptual and Didactics) recorded in the field. Available data on socio-cultural aspects of the area was also included in the study. All plants were identified up to genera and/or species. INCON was calculated from the sum of scoring assigned to each analyzed criterion. As a result, 42 forest species were identified; for each one, its conservation status was performed, including the altitudinal vegetation belt, biogeographical origin (at least for the genus), and their ethnobotanical value. The INCON obtained (135 points) showed the high natural, ethnocultural, landscape, and educational value of these forest vegetation according to the criteria analyzed. This information provides a useful tool to have a more precise knowledge of the diversity conservation status of Las Yungas. It also serves to recognize the biological and environmental relevance of this area, whose usefulness can be used for conservation purposes or decision making on protection plans.

Neoliberal Turns in Global Humanitarian Governance

In this article we seek to extend recent debates on how the promotion of self-reliance through vocational training and entrepreneurship has become the new neoliberal mantra among refugee-supporting agencies, policymakers and humanitarian actors. More specifically, we do so in the context of corporate and celebrity-endorsed humanitarian partnerships and initiatives that single out refugee women and girls. Informed by postcolonial feminist scholarship and guided by Carol Bacchi’s ‘what is the problem represented to be’ (WPR) approach we compare IKEA’s partnership with the Jordan River Foundation (JRF) in Jordan and Angelina Jolie’s support for the RefuSHE project in Kenya. While differences between the two problem representations exist, both initiatives seek to empower refugee women by activating latent entrepreneurial abilities. These, we conclude, reinforce a saviour/saved humanitarian logic while also obscuring the gender division of responsibilities and precarious nature of artisanal labour.

Conflict on Jebel Sherra

This chapter explores the town of Ma’an, the largest and most sophisticated conflict landscape of the Arab Revolt in the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP) study area. It is the site of the largest set-piece battle of the campaign east of the Jordan River, where 4,000 Ottoman troops faced 3,000 Arabs in a fierce five-day struggle. In this respect, it was an anomaly—a true battle in an otherwise mainly guerrilla campaign. Ma’an Station and its hinterland was an archaeological challenge as well. The station itself was surrounded by extensive Turkish earthwork defences—crenelated trench systems interspersed with karakoll hilltop defences—sitting within what is still an active training ground for the Jordanian Army. However, the evidence was mounting that the defence of the railway was a very late affair, that it could be dated to within a few months, and that it had an instructive relationship with the earlier defences of the construction era.