Gross Morphological and Sex wise Morphometrical Studies on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sathapathy ◽  
B. S. Dhote ◽  
D. Mahanta ◽  
S. Tamilselvan ◽  
I. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

The present study was carried out on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The first, second and third thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. They also presented cranial and caudal facets on their bodies. The length and breadth of supra spinous processes was observed to decrease from T7 to T9. The transverse process was reported to be thick, strong and presented a rounded non-articular mammillary process and a facet ventrally, which in turn articulated with the facet of the tubercle of the corresponding rib. The dorsal suprasinous process presented two surfaces, two borders and a summit. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. However, the cranial and caudal articular facets of T8 were human foot print like in Blue bull. The Biometrical observations on different parameters of seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae reflected significant (P less than 0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.

Gross morphological and sex wise morphometrical studies on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sathapathy ◽  
B.S. Dhote ◽  
D. Mahanta ◽  
S. Tamilselvan ◽  
I. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Intervertebral Foramen ◽  
Articular Facet ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

The present study was carried out on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but short centrum. The centrum was distinctly constricted in the middle and presented a thin-edged ventral crest. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. The mammillary processes were fused with the anterior articular processes in T12 and T13. The backward slope of the dorsal supraspinous process decreased from T10 to T12. The supraspinous process of T13 was vertical and wide as lumbar vertebra. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. However, the posterior costal facets were absent in T13. Each articular facet was a demi-facet which articulated with the half of the part of the head of the rib. The cranial vertebral notches were shallow and small, but the caudal ones were deeper. The arch was caudally perforated by an additional intervertebral foramen on either side. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards except in T11, where they were triangular in shape, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. The left caudal articular facets of T13 was placed at a higher level than the right ones.

The thoracic wall and diaphragm

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Thoracic Cage ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Thoracic Part ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

The thoracic wall is made up of skeletal elements that form the thoracic cage (or more commonly, but less accurately, the rib cage) and muscles that move the components of the thoracic cage relative to each other for ventilation and postural movement. The thoracic cage is made up posteriorly by the thoracic part of the vertebral column, laterally and anteriorly by the ribs and costal cartilages, and by the sternum in the anterior mid-sternal area. The thoracic vertebral column is made up of 12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervertebral discs. The thoracic vertebrae are not arranged in a straight line, but are concave anteriorly as shown in Figure 9.2. All vertebrae have the following general configuration as shown in Figure 10.1A: • A heart-shaped body with two backward projections, the pedicles, either side of the vertebral foramen. The foramen forms the spinal canal with the foramina of other vertebrae. Note in Figure 10.1C that the pedicles are slightly shallow above and strongly grooved below to form intervertebral foramina with adjacent vertebrae for the passage of spinal nerves; • Two stout transverse processes running laterally and slightly posteriorly; • Two flat plates called laminae which join to form a long spinous process—you can feel the tips of the spinous processes very easily under the skin in the midline of your back; • Superior and inferior articular processes at the junction of the pedicles and laminae. In thoracic vertebrae, the superior facets are set vertically with the facets on the superior processes facing posterolaterally and those on the inferior processes anteromedially; the relative movement of the vertebrae is thus mainly rotary, but there is very little actual movement in the thoracic part of the vertebral column. The thoracic vertebrae are modified from this basic pattern to articulate with the ribs through several more articular facets as shown in Figure 10.1 A, B, and C. They carry on each side: • Shown most clearly in Figure 10.1 C, a superior and inferior demifacet (a half facet) on each side of the body for the heads of two ribs in the case of T2–T9 or a single complete facet for the head of one rib in the case of T1 and T10–T12; • Shown in Figure 10.1 A and B, a facet near the tip of each transverse process for the tubercle of a rib (except T11 and T12).

ANTEROLATERAL APPROACH WITHOUT FIXATION FOR RESECTION OF AN INTRADURAL SCHWANNOMA OF THE CERVICAL SPINAL CANAL

Neurosurgery ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1178-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muneyoshi Yasuda ◽  
Damien Bresson ◽  
Jan F. Cornelius ◽  
Bernard George
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Spinal Canal ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Accessory Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Chain ◽  
Anterolateral Approach ◽  
Dural Sac ◽  
Cervical Spinal Canal

Abstract OBJECTIVE Although an anterolateral approach is an ideal approach to the anterior part of the cervical spinal canal, it is not often used because of various technical difficulties. This article presents the case of a patient with an intradural schwannoma ventrolateral to the spinal cord and describes the technique, anterolateral surgery without fixation, that was used to remove it. CASE PRESENTATION A 71-year-old man presented with neck pain and easy fatigability of the legs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an intradural tumor ventrolateral to the spinal cord at the C3 level. The diagnosis was a schwannoma. TECHNIQUE A right anterolateral approach was selected for the resection. In the dissection between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein, the accessory nerve was retracted with the fat tissue. At C3, the prevertebral aponeurosis was laterally retracted to protect the sympathetic chain. The C3 transverse process was rongeured, and the vertebral artery was shifted laterally with the venous plexus. The C2–C3 uncovertebral joint and the right third of the C3 body were removed (partial corpectomy). The tumor was easily found in the dural sac and was totally removed. The surgical wound was closed in a watertight fashion. No fixation was necessary. The symptoms improved after the operation. DISCUSSION The anterolateral approach is one of the best approaches for resecting ventrally located intradural lesions because it allows minimally invasive surgery. Control and protection of the accessory nerve, sympathetic chain, and vertebral artery are the keys to success.

scholarly journals XV.—The Development of the Carapace of the Chelonia

1892 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Berry Haycraft
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Membrane ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Middle Line ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
Marginal Plates

All observers are agreed that the bones of the plastron and some bones of the carapace are simple membranous bones, arising from centres formed in a pre-existing fibrous membrane. Considerable difference of opinion exists as to the development of the costal and neural plates of the carapace.Owen speaks of the ossification “as extending from the ribs and neural spines into the substance of the neural and costal plates. The ribs and spines enter into the composition of the carapace.”Gegenbaur questions whether the ribs of the Chelonia “are not in reality enormously developed transverse processes, and considers that the neural and costal plates have developed in the integument.”Claus remarks that the spinous processes of eight of “the thoracic vertebræ (2nd to 9th) appear in the middle line as horizontal plates (neural plates), the ribs of the same vertebræ are transformed into broad transverse plates (costal plates).”Huxley says that the neural plates and the costal plates exist as expansions of the cartilages of the neural spines and ribs of the primitive vertebræ, before ossification takes place. This being the case, the “neural and costal are vertebral and not dermal elements, however similar they may be to the nucleal, pygal, and marginal plates.”

scholarly journals Inflammatory disease of the costotransverse joints: US evaluation in 15 symptomatic patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Del Chiaro ◽  
B. Ciampi ◽  
F. Franzoni ◽  
M. Miccoli ◽  
S. Galletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Joint Effusion ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
First Line ◽  
Paravertebral Region

AbstractThe costotransverse joints (CTJs) are small arthrodial joints which articulate with the costal tuberosity on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae. CTJs are composed of oval-shaped facets with a major axis, vertical at the upper vertebrae and almost horizontal at the lower vertebrae. This position explains the different movements of the ribs: the cranial ribs move on the sagittal plane and the caudal ribs on the transverse plane. Movements in directions other than these usual CTJ spatial planes can cause inflammation resulting in a stinging pain in the space between the scapula and thoracic spine. We studied 15 subjects with paravertebral pain compatible with CTJ pathology. Mean age was 29 years, 11 females/4 males. In 12 patients, the non-dominant limb was affected. US imaging was carried out using linear 12 MHz and 9 MHz probes. Scanning was performed following the long axis of the rib (transverse plane) and the short axis (sagittal plane). Sagittal scanning is the method of choice for detection of possible joint effusion and comparison with undamaged joints above and below. US identified joint effusion correlating with the site of pain in all patients. Thickening of the posterior costotransverse capsular ligament was detected in six patients mainly affecting the first thoracic vertebrae. Power Doppler showed intraarticular hypervascularization in four patients. US imaging should be performed as a first-line examination in the evaluation of patients with stinging pain in the paravertebral region. US evidence of effusion within the joints is a sure sign of involvement of these structures.

scholarly journals Simplified paravertebral anesthesia technique and its application

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1235-1235
Author(s):  
I. Tsimkhes
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Lower Edge ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Thoracic Part ◽  
Anesthesia Technique

C. Fervers (Zentralbl. F. Chir. No. 37, 1929), in order to avoid complications, inserts the needle with paravertebral anesthesia one finger away from the spinous processes towards the angle formed by the transverse process and the edge of the vertebral body (the outer end of the needle with the midline forms an angle of 20 -30 ). The designated angle is located normally in the thoracic part of the spine near the upper edge of the spinous process, in the lumbar part, in the middle of the lower edge of the spinous process. In this way, the needle easily reaches the vertebral wall, and the injected fluid washes the ramus anter. ram. communicans. During operations, the author recommends using paravertebral anesthesia only for unilateral processes, such as appendicitis, cholelithiasis, kidneys and ureters and hernias. For the purposes of differential diagnosis and therapy, paravertebral anesthesia can be used.

Gross and morphometrical studies on the first second and third lumbar vertebrae of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sathapathy ◽  
B.S. Dhote ◽  
D. Mahanta ◽  
S. Tamilselvan ◽  
M. Mrigesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Thoracic Region ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Intervertebral Foramina

The present study was carried out on the cranial lumbar vertebrae (L1, L2 and L3) of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. It was revealed that the centrum of cranial lumbar vertebrae was constricted in the middle, but expanded at either end. They presented a rudimentary ventral crest. The intervertebral foramina were often double in the cranial part of the series and were very large further back. The transverse process was a long plate of bone that spread out laterally at right angles from the centrum, being slightly bent forward. The borders of the transverse processes were thin, irregular and presented projections of variable size and form. The dorsal supraspinous processes were broad and flattened plates of bone. These processes were relatively low, wide and perpendicular to the long axis of the vertebrae. The articular processes were well developed and placed further apart than in the thoracic region. They were large and their facets were strongly curved. The mamillary processes were fused with the cranial articular processes and were thick and tuberous. The cranial articular processes were concave and directed medially, whereas the caudal ones were convex and directed laterally. Biometrical observations on different parameters of cranial lumbar vertebrae reflected significance (P less than 0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.

scholarly journals III.—On Uronemus magnus, a New Fossil Fish from the Coal-Measures of Airdrie, Lanarkshire

1874 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 554-555
Author(s):  
R. H. Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Caudal Extremity ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Fossil Fish ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Coal Measures

The specimen (No. 37,958 of the British Museum Collection), which forms the subject of the present notice, is from the Blackband Ironstone of Airdrie, and, I understand, from the same bed which yielded the first known specimen of Anthracosaurus Russelli. The fossil is unfortunately very imperfect, though it displays a considerable portion of the body of a large fish lying on its right side. Both the head and the caudal extremity, however, are gone, nor is the ventral margin shown; but the line of the back is pretty nearly intact, and is seen to be bordered by the long dorsal fin characteristic of Phaneropleuron and of Uronemus. What remains of the body shows a confused mass of ribs, spinous processes, and inter-spinous ossicles, compressed against a groundwork of what are apparently large and very thin rounded scales. The specimen, measuring 15½ inches in length, by 5½ inches in breadth at its broadest part, presents thus a considerable part of the abdominal, with the anterior part of the caudal region of a fish, which, when entire, must have been in all probability more than two feet long.

Miscellaneous Animals Skeleton

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliot Goldfinger
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Nasal Bones ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Hind Foot ◽  
Clear Line

American bison characteristics: Has very long spinous processes on thoracic vertebrae (especially between the shoulders). Four digits with hoofs per limb. Two central toes are large and weight-bearing; vestigial inner and outer toes, with hoofs, are very small and located higher on side of foot and to the rear (they do not articulate with the skeleton and do not touch the ground). Walks on toes. Front half of body develops permanent long hair, especially on the top of the skull, the chin, and the forearms). Rear half looses thick fur cover in the summer, so difference between hair length of front and rear portions of body is very pronounced in warm months, with a clear line of demarcation. Both sexes have horns. African elephant characteristics: Middle of back profile concave/low (convex/high in Indian). Nose extends into long, flexible, muscular trunk with nostrils and one prehensile finger-like projection at tip (two in Indian). Large skull; short nasal bones located high on skull (for attachment of trunk). Brain surrounded by thick, airy bone. Single rounded prominences on top of head (double in Indian). Upper incisors elongated into continuously growing tusks, in both male and female. Very large ears (larger than Indian). Short neck—cervical vertebrae compressed front to back. Rib cage extends to pelvis. Thick, pillar-like columnar limbs (bones in almost vertical straight line) and shoulder and hip sockets face downward, all to support massive body weight. Short feet. All feet have five digits—some inner and outer toes may be reduced and without hoofs. Both front and rear feet have an extra small, elongated bone (prepollex in front and prehallux in rear) just to the inside of the first digit. Front foot has four or five hoofs (five in Indian). Hind foot usually has three, four, or five hoofs (four or five in Indian). Thick elastic pad on sole of foot. Foot in life somewhat cylindrical or conical. When the animal is lying on belly, knee touches ground (femur directed downward); lower leg continues straight back. Long tail has wispy tuft of coarse hair.

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