Formulation of Cinchona Extract (Cinchona succirubra) Cream and The Safety as Hair Fertilizer

Background: cinchona extract contains quinoline alkaloids, has telangiectatic activity, is practically insoluble in water so penetration into hair follicles is low and requires a delivery system, namely cream. Objective: to determine the formula of cinchona extract cream with good activity, physical stability and safety. Methodology: cinchona bark extraction (soxhletation method), phytochemical screening, cinchona extract dosage determination, optimization of cream formula using Design Expert software version 11. Evaluation: pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity and cycling test stability. Activity test using guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) for 14 days, parameters of hair length/2 days, hair mass (14th day). Acute dermal irritation test using rabbit (Orycogalus cuniculus) by erythema and edema index parameters. Results: cinchona extract (13.32% yield) contained quinoline alkaloids, cinchona extract dosage was 20% (p<0.05). The optimum formula is F2 with characteristics: pH 6.48±0.07, adhesion 1.16±0.07, spreadability 4.99±0.85 and viscosity 3067±416.45, has good physical stability. Activity test: test area hair length 13.54 – 62.14% longer than normal control and 10.10 – 49.17% than negative control. The hair mass of test area was 122.91% heavier than normal control and 104.48% of negative control (p<0.05). Cinchona extract and excipients were non-irritant. Conclusion: Cinchona extract cream (20%) has hair fertilizer activity, good physical stability and safety.

Tracing the Origin of the RSPO2 Long-Hair Allele and Epistatic Interaction between FGF5 and RSPO2 in Sapsaree Dog

Genetic analysis of the hair-length of Sapsaree dogs, a Korean native dog breed, showed a dominant mode of inheritance for long hair. Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) analysis and subsequent Mendelian segregation analysis revealed an association between OXR1, RSPO2, and PKHD1L1 on chromosome 13 (CFA13). We identified the previously reported 167 bp insertion in RSPO2 3’ untranslated region as a causative mutation for hair length variations. The analysis of 118 dog breeds and wolves revealed the selection signature on CFA13 in long-haired breeds. Haplotype analysis showed the association of only a few specific haplotypes to the breeds carrying the 167 bp insertion. The genetic diversity in the neighboring region linked to the insertion was higher in Sapsarees than in other Asian and European dog breeds carrying the same variation, suggesting an older history of its insertion in the Sapsaree genome than in that of the other breeds analyzed in this study. Our results show that the RSPO2 3’ UTR insertion is responsible for not only the furnishing phenotype but also determining the hair length of the entire body depending on the genetic background, suggesting an epistatic interaction between FGF5 and RSPO2 influencing the hair-length phenotype in dogs.

Aktivitas Pertumbuhan Rambut Hair Tonic Ekstrak Daun Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) Pada Kelinci Jantan (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)

Hair loss is a disorder or disorder of hair apart from the scalp or body skin so that it interferes with various biological functions of hair on the body. Types of hair care cosmetic that is effective in dealing with hair loss are hair tonic. Hair tonic is a preparation for the treatment of the scalp and hair. Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is used by the public as medicine and hair care. The purpose of this study was to determine the formulation of hair tonic preparations from the ethanol extract of bandotan leaves according to the requirements and hair growth activity of local male rabbits. The extraction method used the maceration method with 96% ethanol and applied hair tonic extract of bandotan leaves on the skin of local male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) which were treated as blanks without smearing, positive control (Natur), negative control hair tonic base, concentration bandotan leaf extract. (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) for 21 days. The data obtained in the form of hair length, and hair weight. Analysis of the data obtained for hair growth activity was seen from the results of the ANOVA test and continued with the BNT test (Least Significance Different). The results of the research for evaluating hair tonic preparations included organoleptic tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, specific gravity tests, and cycling tests. Hair tonic ethanol extract of bandotan leaves has hair growth activity. Hair tonic ethanol extract of bandotan leaves with a concentration of 20% had the highest hair length and hair weight. From the results of one way ANOVA, a significant value was obtained 0.000 < 0.005, so it was concluded that there was a significant difference between treatments, and continued with the BNT test (Least Significance Different) positive control was not significantly different from hair tonic concentration of 20%.Keywords: Bandotan leaves, Hair tonic, Hair growth AbstrakKerontokan rambut adalah suatu gangguan atau kelainan rambut terlepas dari kulit kepala atau kulit tubuh sehingga mengganggu berbagai fungsi biologis rambut terhadap tubuh. Jenis kosmetik perawatan rambut yang efektif mengatasi rambut rontok adalah hair tonic. Hair tonic adalah sediaan untuk perawatan kulit kepala dan rambut. Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat dan perawatan rambut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengetahui formulasi sediaan hair tonic dari ekstrak etanol daun bandotan yang sesuai dengan persyaratan dan aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut pada kelinci jantan lokal. Metode ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan etanol 96% dan dilakukan pengolesan hair tonic ekstrak daun bandotan pada kulit kelinci jantan lokal (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yang diberikan perlakuan sebagai blanko tanpa pengolesan, kontrol positif (Natur), kontrol negatif basis hair tonic, ekstrak daun bandotan konsentrasi (5%,10%,15% dan 20%) selama 21 hari. Data yang diperoleh berupa panjang rambut, dan bobot rambut. Analisa data yang diperoleh untuk aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut dilihat dari hasil uji ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil). Hasil penelitian untuk evaluasi sediaan hair tonic antara lain uji organoleptis, uji pH, uji viskositas, uji bobot jenis, dan uji cycling test. Hair tonic ekstrak etanol daun bandotan memiliki aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut. Hair tonic ekstrak etanol daun bandotan dengan konsentrasi 20% memiliki panjang rambut dan bobot rambut tertinggi. Dari hasil one way ANOVA didapatkan nilai signifikan 0,000 < 0,005 sehingga disimpulkan adanya perbedaan signifikan antar perlakuan, dan dilanjutkan uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil) didapatkan kontrol positif tidak berbeda nyata dengan hair tonic konsentrasi 20%.Kata kunci : Daun bandotan; Hair tonic; Pertumbuhan rambut

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PHYTOSOME LOTION FROM NOTHOPANAX SCUTELLARIUM LEAF EXTRACT FOR HAIR GROWTH

Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate a phytosome lotion from Mangkokan leaf using green solvent extraction. Methods: Ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, combined with microwave-assisted extraction, was used to obtain flavonoid compounds. Mangkokan leaf extract was formulated into a phytosome with three different ratios of phospholipon (1:0.5), (1:1), and (1:2). Three phytosome formulas were analyzed to identify the best formula. The analysis included morphology, particle size, and zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and spectrum analysis using an FTIR spectrophotometer. The formula which chosen was formulated into three lotion formulas with different concentration (20%; 25%; 30%) then, evaluated for physical stability, and hair growth activity test included hair length, weight, and diameter. Minoxidil and non-phytosome lotion were used as comparison. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: The FTIR of phytosome was confirmed a complex formation of extract and phospholipon. The phytosome morphology was displayed irregular spherical vesicles. Phytosome with the ratio of phospholipon (1:0.5) was formulated into lotion because has a smaller particle size (289 nm), and higher entrapment efficiency (99.76%±0.24) than others. Phytosome lotions displayed higher activity than 2% minoxidil (p = 0.0001). Phytosome lotion (30%) thus showed the highest efficacy for hair length, weight and diameter. Conclusion: Mangkokan leaf that extracted using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate solvent combined with microwave-assisted extraction then formulated into phytosome lotion has higher activity than 2% minoxidil. Lotion that contains 30% mangkokan leaf phytosome was showed the highest efficacy.

Peculiarities of age-related morphological changes in the dermal-hair cover of the Pamir yak ecotype bred in the mountain zone of Northern Tajikistan

In the process of animal adaptation to changing environmental conditions, the hair cover, which is known to perform a heat-protective function primarily, plays a significant role. The hair cover of animals undergoes changes depending on the season of the year and the natural and climatic zone in which the animals live. It has its peculiarities in different species (breeds). The nature and features of the hair cover of animals are often used by scientists to compile zoological systematics, assess the health and constitution types of animals, their acclimatisation ability, etc. In this article, the authors reviewed age-related changes in weight, size, thickness and tightness of animal skins (changes in skin thickness from the ridge to the floor) and features of the hair cover of the skin’s yaks of Northern Tajikistan. The authors also noted that in all animals, the weight of hides increases in proportion to the rise in live body weight. The absolute importance of skins, up to the age of half a year of yaks, is almost two times higher than cattle. In yaks at one- and three years old, the thick- ness of skins at the standard point in these animals is somewhat comparable. But the thickness of the pelts in the collar and area of hiding yak next to the floor remains higher by about 25-40%. Yaks are known to have three main categories of hair: long hairs (in the abdominal region of the hide and on the tail), short hairs (on the rump, neck and back) and down inches (in all parts of the animal’s fur). Long coats are also the thickest. The hair length of newborn yaks is 187.60±2.66 mm, of one-year-old yaks 452.50±2.52 mm, and of six-year-old yaks, it reaches 475 mm. The authors determined the total amount of hair of different categories in the three topographic parts of the body: in the rump, the sum of hair is 1545 hair units; in the collar part, the sum of hair is 1590 hair units; in the abdominal area of the body the sum of hair is 1770 hair units. The collar and rump do not have long hairs, unlike the abdomen. Downy hairs are characteristic of all parts of the hide but predominate in the scruff and collar. The dynamics of age-related changes in the hair cover of yaks have been determined.

Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic architecture of root hair length in maize

Background Root hair, a special type of tubular-shaped cell, outgrows from root epidermal cell and plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients and water, as well as interactions with biotic and abiotic stress. Although many genes involved in root hair development have been identified, genetic basis of natural variation in root hair growth has never been explored. Results Here, we utilized a maize association panel including 281 inbred lines with tropical, subtropical, and temperate origins to decipher the phenotypic diversity and genetic basis of root hair length. We demonstrated significant associations of root hair length with many metabolic pathways and other agronomic traits. Combining root hair phenotypes with 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed several candidate genes implicated in cellular signaling, polar growth, disease resistance and various metabolic pathways. Conclusions These results illustrate the genetic basis of root hair length in maize, offering a list of candidate genes predictably contributing to root hair growth, which are invaluable resource for the future functional investigation.

Prevalence and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of commensal yeasts in the external ear canal of cats

Background Lifestyle factors such as hair length, the frequency of ear cleaning and bathing, age, cat rearing, and sex may contribute to opportunistic yeast infections in the external ear canal of cats. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of commensal yeast organisms in cats’ external ear canals, evaluate their predisposing lifestyle factors, and test the susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to antifungal agents. Results A total of 53 cats (33 male and 20 female) seronegative for feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus were enrolled in this study. Their mean age (± standard deviation) was 6.04 (± 3.49) years. Fungal cultures and polymerase chain reaction tests were performed to identify the yeast species derived from the external ear canal. The association between lifestyle factors and the presence of M. pachydermatis was evaluated using Fisher’s exact test. The susceptibility of M. pachydermatis to antifungal agents was also analyzed. M. pachydermatis was the most frequently recovered yeast species, with a prevalence of 50.94 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 36.84–64.94 %). There was an association between hair length and a positive culture for M. pachydermatis (p = 0.0001). The odds of a negative culture for M. pachydermatis among short-haired cats was 11.67 (95 % CI, 3.22–42.24) times higher than that among long-haired cats (p = 0.0002). There was also an association between the frequency of ear cleaning and the presence of M. pachydermatis (p = 0.007). The odds of a negative culture for M. pachydermatis in cats that were receiving ear cleaning at intervals of ≤ 2 weeks was 5.78 (95 % CI, 1.67–19.94) times greater than that of cats receiving ear cleaning at intervals greater than 2 weeks or never (p = 0.0055). Ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations for itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and terbinafine against M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.063–4 and ≤ 0.063–≥32, ≤ 0.063–8 and 0.125–≥32, ≤ 0.063–≥32 and 0.5–≥32, and ≤ 0.016–1 and 0.125–8 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions M. pachydermatis was the most commonly identified yeast organism in the external ear canal of healthy cats. Hair length and the frequency of ear cleaning played a role in the colonization of M. pachydermatis. The M. pachydermatis isolates had various MIC levels for common fungicides.

Abscisic Acid Mediates Drought-Enhanced Rhizosheath Formation in Tomato

The rhizosheath, commonly defined as soil adhering to the root surface, may confer drought tolerance in various crop species by enhancing access to water and nutrients under drying stress conditions. Since the role of phytohormones in establishing this trait remains largely unexplored, we investigated the role of ABA in rhizosheath formation of wild-type (WT) and ABA-deficient (notabilis, not) tomatoes. Both genotypes had similar rhizosheath weight, root length, and root ABA concentration in well-watered soil. Drying stress treatment decreased root length similarly in both genotypes, but substantially increased root ABA concentration and rhizosheath weight of WT plants, indicating an important role for ABA in rhizosheath formation. Neither genotype nor drying stress treatment affected root hair length, but drying stress treatment decreased root hair density of not. Under drying stress conditions, root hair length was positively correlated with rhizosheath weight in both genotypes, while root hair density was positively correlated with rhizosheath weight in well-watered not plants. Root transcriptome analysis revealed that drought stress increased the expression of ABA-responsive transcription factors, such as AP2-like ER TF, alongside other drought-regulatory genes associated with ABA (ABA 8′-hydroxylase and protein phosphatase 2C). Thus, root ABA status modulated the expression of specific gene expression pathways. Taken together, drought-induced rhizosheath enhancement was ABA-dependent, but independent of root hair length.

Identification of a Novel Missense Mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 Gene Associated with Longhair in the Maine Coon Cat

Hair length can be a highly variable trait within the Felis catus species, varying between and within different cat breeds. Previous research has demonstrated this variability is due to recessive mutations within the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) gene. Following a clinical genetic screen, four long-haired Maine Coons were identified that had only one copy of a known FGF5 mutation. We performed DNA sequencing on two of the Maine Coons and identified a missense mutation in FGF5 c.G>A625 p.A193T (Mutation 5, M5). Genetic screening via restriction digest was then performed on an additional 275 cats of various breeds, revealing two more Maine Coons heterozygous for M5 and a previously known mutation. No additional cases were identified after in silico analysis of 68 whole genome cat sequences from various breeds, demonstrating that this novel mutation is most likely a breed-specific variant for the Maine Coon, contributing to the longhair phenotype in about 3% of cats.