scholarly journals Promoting Process-Oriented Listening Instruction in the ESL Classroom

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong Nguyen ◽  
Marilyn Abbott

When teaching listening, second language instructors tend to rely on product-oriented approaches that test learners’ abilities to identify words and answer comprehension questions, but this does li le to help learners improve upon their listening skills (e.g., Vandergri & Goh, 2012). To address this issue, alternative approaches that guide learners through the listening process toward improved comprehension and uency have been recommended in the literature. Based on a review of 6 popular intermediate adult English as a second/foreign language (ESL/EFL) textbooks, we found that most of the listening activities in the texts exemplified a product-oriented approach (testing word recognition or listening comprehension) rather than a process-oriented approach (providing instruction to aid in word recognition and comprehension). To enhance the integration of process-oriented approaches for teaching listening, we provide suggestions for activities to supplement product-oriented teacher-made and textbook activities. We begin with an overview of second language listening theory and research that justi es the incorporation of process-oriented instructional approaches in the ESL classroom. Then we report the results of our textbook review and present examples of recommended activity types that teachers and textbook writers could incorporate into their instructional materials to encourage a balanced approach to teaching listening.Quand les enseignants de langue seconde enseignent l’écoute, ils ont tendance à sefier aux approches orientées sur le produit qui évaluent la capacité de leurs élèves à identifier des mots et à répondre à des questions de compréhension. Pourtant, ce e méthode ne contribue que très peu à l’amélioration des habiletés d’écoute des élèves (par ex., Vandergri & Goh, 2012). Pour aborder ce e question, les chercheurs recommandent des approches alternatives qui guident les apprenants au l du processus d’écoute de sorte à améliorer la compréhension et les compétences. Un examen de 6 manuels populaires d’anglais langue seconde ou étrangère pour adulte a révélé que la plupart des activités d’écoute sont orientées sur un produit (évaluation de la reconnaissance des mots ou la compréhension à l’écoute) plutôt que sur un processus (directives pour aider la reconnaissance des mots et la compréhension). Pour me re en valeur l’intégration des approches axées sur le processus dans l’enseignement de l’écoute, nous o rons des suggestions d’activités pour enrichir les activités créés par les enseignants ou provenant des manuels et qui sont axées sur le produit. Nous commençons par un survol de la recherche et de la théorie qui portent sur l’écoute en langue seconde et qui jus- ti ent l’intégration dans les cours d’ALS d’approches pédagogiques axées sur le processus. Ensuite, nous présentons les résultats de notre examen de manuels et recommandons des exemples de types d’activités que les enseignants et les auteurs de manuels pourraient incorporer dans leur matériel pédagogique pour o rir une approche équilibrée à l’enseignement de l’écoute. 

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Murphy

The purpose of this article is to broaden the current theoretical basis for describing listening as a dynamically interpretive language process by reviewing two areas in the literatures on comprehension and interpretation that generally are not cited by writers interested in the listening process. These complementary theoretical traditions lend support to the more familiar characterizations of listening as an active language process that have emerged from the basic tenets of cognitive science. Within the cognitive framework it is widely acknowledged that listeners engage in the use of deliberate, as well as automatic, strategies for listening. By introducing less familiar themes that actually reinforce cognitive descriptions, it is hoped that the research literature into the second language (L2) listening process will be enriched. The philosophical tradition of 'hermeneutics', and a description of internal mental processes known as 'inner speech', are two specific areas of the literature that are discussed. Following an explication of the underlying processes that underpin these theoretical traditions, a pedagogical model is proposed for the teaching of academic listening skills in the L2 classroom.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wafa Shahada Zoghbor

<p>Teachers’ understanding of the process of speech perception could inform practice in listening classrooms. Catford (1950) developed a model for speech perception taking into account the influence of the acoustic features of the linguistic forms used by the speaker, whereby the listener ‘identifies’ and 'interprets' these linguistic forms based on the association between them and the context of speech. This paper critically reviews Catford’s model and proposes an alternative one distinguishing between two levels of perceiving speech: word recognition and utterance comprehension. Smith and Nelson (1985) refer to these as 'intelligibility' and 'comprehensibility’, respectively. The proposed model could inform classroom practice as well as curriculum and material design.</p>


ReCALL ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Sadat Mirzaei ◽  
Kourosh Meshgi ◽  
Yuya Akita ◽  
Tatsuya Kawahara

AbstractThis paper introduces a novel captioning method, partial and synchronized captioning (PSC), as a tool for developing second language (L2) listening skills. Unlike conventional full captioning, which provides the full text and allows comprehension of the material merely by reading, PSC promotes listening to the speech by presenting a selected subset of words, where each word is synched to its corresponding speech signal. In this method, word-level synchronization is realized by an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, dedicated to the desired corpora. This feature allows the learners to become familiar with the correspondences between words and their utterances. Partialization is done by automatically selecting words or phrases likely to hinder listening comprehension. In this work we presume that the incidence of infrequent or specific words and fast delivery of speech are major barriers to listening comprehension. The word selection criteria are thus based on three factors: speech rate, word frequency and specificity. The thresholds for these features are adjusted to the proficiency level of the learners. The selected words are presented to aid listening comprehension while the remaining words are masked in order to keep learners listening to the audio. PSC was evaluated against no-captioning and full-captioning conditions using TED videos. The results indicate that PSC leads to the same level of comprehension as the full-captioning method while presenting less than 30% of the transcript. Furthermore, compared with the other methods, PSC can serve as an effective medium for decreasing dependence on captions and preparing learners to listen without any assistance.


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