scholarly journals PERCENTAGE REINFORCEMENT OF FIXED-RATIO AND VARIABLE-INTERVAL PERFORMANCES1

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Percentage Reinforcement

Effects of Diphenylhydantoin on Behavior Maintained by a Multiple Schedule of Food Reinforcement

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-783
Author(s):  
Gary F. Meunier ◽  
Robert B. Fischer ◽  
Dallas Mulvaney
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement

Two white Carneaux pigeons were trained to peck for mixed grain according to a multiple fixed-ratio 50, variable-interval 30-sec schedule of reinforcement. After the rate of responding stabilized, the pigeons were given weekly doses of diphenylhydantoin or an equal volume vehicle Diphenylhydantoin produced a lengthening of the pre-ratio pause and general disintegration of responding during the FR component and a decreased rate of responding in the VI component.

scholarly journals A Behavioral Analysis of an Assembly Line Inspection Task

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard V. Badalamente ◽  
M. M. Ayoub
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Assembly Line ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Behavioral Analysis ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Observing Responses ◽  
Industrial Inspection ◽  
Inspection Task

The problem of sustained efficiency in monotonous perceptual tasks is particularly pertinent to industrial inspection. The present research has extended Holland's techniques of behavioral analysis to an industrial framework by analyzing the assembly-line inspection of products. By utilizing four basic schedules of defective product (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval), it was demonstrated that the detection of defectives can serve as reinforcements for observing behavior. In addition, the vigilance decrement associated with the inspection task was shown to be a function of the differential reinforcement of observing responses. The fact that a rather precise control can be exerted by the environment over the operator's observing behavior has important implications for industry. Some of these implications are discussed.

Facilitated Recovery from Punishment-Induced Suppression

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene R. Moss ◽  
James B. Appel
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement ◽  
Free Feeding ◽  
Low Rate

14 rats were maintained at 80% of their free-feeding weights and trained to press a bar on a chained variable-interval 1/2 fixed-ratio 20 schedule of reinforcement. In Exp. I a discriminative stimulus paired with the ratio component of the chain was shown to control a high rate of responding. In Exp. II, it was demonstrated that this stimulus, when superimposed on a stimulus which had been associated with punishment and therefore controlled a low rate of bar-pressing, facilitated recovery from the effects of punishment.

scholarly journals Behavioral effects of changeover delays in a concurrent-chains schedule with different delays and magnitudes of reinforcement

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elenice S. Hanna ◽  
Derek E. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Delayed Reinforcement ◽  
Concurrent Chains ◽  
Control Paradigm ◽  
Changeover Delay ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Condition B

The present study examined the effects of a changeover delay (COD) on the choice between smaller, shorter delayed reinforcement and larger, longer delayed reinforcement in a complex concurrent-chains schedule. Four pigeons were exposed to three conditions in an ABA or BAB reversal design. A COD of 2 seconds was included in the initial links during condition B. The concurrent-chains schedule had identical variable-interval schedules in the initial links and different delays and magnitudes of reinforcement that were programmed according to a fixed-ratio 10 (FR10) schedule in the terminal links. Each experimental condition lasted for two long sessions and five short sessions. Changeover rates were lower, and preference for the larger, longer delayed reinforcer was more pronounced during conditions with the programmed 2-second COD. The analysis of initial pauses and running rates during the FR10 schedules of the terminal links revealed no systematic effects of the COD on behavior in the terminal links. The COD had similar effects on choice performance in this modified concurrent-chain procedure as on simple concurrent performance.Keywords: Choice behavior, concurrent-chains, COD, self-control paradigm, pigeons.

The Operant Manipulation of Vocal Pitch in Normal Speakers

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Moore ◽  
Anthony Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Operant Response ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Therapeutic Technique ◽  
Vocal Pitch ◽  
Electronic Filters

A device consisting of variable electronic filters and voice-actuated relays was used to raise or lower the vocal pitch of four normal-speaking subjects by the differential reinforcement of selected frequencies emitted by them during oral reading. Continuous, fixed interval, fixed ratio, and variable interval reinforcement schedules were applied to each subject. The results of the study indicated that fundamental vocal frequency is a manipulable operant response. All reinforcement schedules examined produced high rates of response at the selected frequency for all subjects. The variable interval schedules produced the most consistent, high durations of response for all subjects. The method of manipulation of fundamental frequency investigated in the study appears to have promise as a therapeutic technique, especially for deaf speakers and clients with functional pitch disorders.

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