Advances in identifying and tracking malicious contamination of food in agri-food supply chains

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-238
Author(s):  
Marta Marmiroli ◽  
◽  
Jason C. White ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Consumer Trust ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Politically Active

This chapter is about the history of bio-warfare, and how biological and bio-chemical weapons were developed during the two World Wars and afterwards. There are examples of attacks to the food chain of entire communities with biochemical weapons by either single individuals or groups, and attacks to single persons who are politically active with newly developed chemical agents. There are also example of attacks to agriculture, so-called agro-terrorism. All these impairment of the food chain have a terroristic base and manage to diminish consumer trust in the health of food and in the efficacy of the food chain control, costing billions of United States (US) dollars to the sector as a result. The final part of the chapter is dedicated to the use of biosensors and how through their deployment agencies have been able to protect communities from disruptive events, such as bioterrorism, should they occur in any part of the food chain.

An American Sufism

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Rory Dickson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Religion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Pluralism ◽  
Public Religion ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Civil Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sufi Order ◽  
Politically Active

The Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi order is a transnational religious organization. Founded by Shaykh Nazim al-Haqqani (b. 1922), the order spread throughout the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s, and then to Britain in the 1970s. In 1990, Nazim’s student Shaykh Hisham Kabbani moved to the United States and established a branch of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani order there. The past fifteen years have seen the emergence of this order as one of the most widespread and politically active Sufi organizations in America. In this paper I ask: Why and how is it that the Naqshbandi-Haqqani order effectively functions as a public religion in America? To answer this question, I will use José Casanova’s theory of public religion to understand why and how the order has developed and maintained a public profile in the United States. I contend that the Naqshbandi-Haqqani order’s public activity is rooted in: (1) the Naqshbandi order’s history of public significance in Muslim societies; (2) the order’s theological and practical appreciation of religious and cultural pluralism; (3) the order’s transnational character; and (4) its adoption of certain elements of American civil religion.

scholarly journals The investigation of key factors for successful implementation of sustainable halal food supply chain management

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
A. Azhar ◽  
Y.T. Tu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
Halal Food

Halal food plays an important role in the economic development in various countries. However, halal food supply chains could threaten the environment in several ways. This study was aimed to analyse the best practice of the implementation of a sustainable halal food supply chain from many data sources. The data then transform into managerial knowledge for the halal food industry. The data was collected using SAS Text Miner and analyzed using the decision tree. The analysis shows four key features of sustainable halal food supply chains: pre-slaughtering, warehousing, halal integrity, and packaging. From these features, the two most important factors of successful sustainability implementation in the halal food supply chain are found to be warehousing and packaging. The present study applies a relational view theory and an analysis theory of natural resource-based view, creating and extending new sustainable strategies of halal food chain management to sustainable halal food chain management.

California

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
The United States ◽  
California Indians ◽  
Migrant Laborers ◽  
Indigenous Nations ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Politically Active

This chapter reviews the economic, cultural, and political history of California’s Native American communities. Throughout the twentieth century, scholars considered California Indians to be the United States’ most primitive indigenous people. Yet today, they are among the country’s most economically and politically active indigenous nations. This chapter explains how this economic and political activism is a product of a long history of adapting to changing circumstances. Before the arrival of Europeans, California Indians altered economic practices because of environmental change. Beginning in 1769, California Indians adjusted to the presence of Spanish colonists by using the missions to bolster their economies. In the 1830s and 1840s, California Indians raided Mexican ranchos for horses, which they exchanged with fur traders. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, California Indians worked as migrant laborers in the state’s agribusiness, and today operate some of the most successful gaming resorts in the United States.

Critical evaluation of proven chemical weapon destruction technologies (IUPAC Technical Report)

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham S. Pearson ◽  
Richard S. Magee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Chemical Weapon ◽  
World War ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Chemical Agents

A critical evaluation is made of the chemical weapon destruction technologies demonstrated for 1 kg or more of agent in order to provide information about the technologies proven to destroy chemical weapons to policy-makers and others concerned with reaching decisions about the destruction of chemical weapons and agents. As all chemical agents are simply highly toxic chemicals, it is logical to consider the destruction of chemical agents as being no different from the consideration of the destruction of other chemicals that can be as highly toxictheir destruction, as that of any chemicals, requires the taking of appropriate precautions to safeguard worker safety, public health, and the environment. The Chemical Weapons Convention that entered into force in 1997 obliges all States Parties to destroy any stockpiles of chemical weapons within 10 years from the entry into force of the Conventionby 2007with the possibility of an extension for up to 5 years to 2012. There is consequently a tight timeline under the treaty for the destruction of stockpiled chemical weapons and agentsprimarily held in Russia and the United States. Abandoned or old chemical weaponsnotably in Europe primarily from World War I, in China from World War II as well as in the United Statesalso have to be destroyed. During the past 40 years, more than 20 000 tonnes of agent have been destroyed in a number of countries and over 80 % of this has been destroyed by incineration. Although incineration is well proven and will be used in the United States to destroy over 80 % of the U.S. stockpile of 25 800 tonnes of agent, considerable attention has been paid particularly in the United States to alternative technologies to incineration because of several constraints that are specific to the United States. Much of the information in this report is based on U.S. experienceas the United States had, along with the Russian Federation, by far the largest stockpiles of chemical weapons and agents anywhere in the world. The United States has made much progress in destroying its stockpile of chemical weapons and agents and has also done more work than any other country to examine alternative technologies for the destruction of chemical weapons and agents. However, the national decisions to be taken by countries faced with the destruction of chemical weapons and agents need to be made in the light of their particular national conditions and standardsand thus may well result in a decision to use different approaches from those adopted by the United States. This report provides information to enable countries to make their own informed and appropriate decisions.

scholarly journals TheBondCourt’s Institutional Truce

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 89-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
Police Power ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Tenth Amendment ◽  
Clear Statement

As many readers are aware,Bond v. United Statesis a quirky case. The federal government prosecuted under the implementing legislation for the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) a betrayed wife who used chemical agents to try to harm her husband’s lover. The wife argued that, as applied to her, the implementing legislation violated the Tenth Amendment. She thus raised difficult questions about the scope of the treaty power and of Congress’s authority to implement treaties through the Necessary and Proper Clause. TheBondCourt avoided those questions with a clear statement rule: “we can insist on a clear indication that Congress meant to reach purely local crimes, before interpreting the statute’s expansive language in a way that intrudes on the police power of the States.” This resolution betrays the Court’s ambivalence about the appropriate limits of the treaty power and about the Court’s own capacity to define those limits.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Attitudes towards Participation in short Food Supply Chains: Evidence from a Chinese field research

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Ximing Ruan ◽  
Daiane Mulling Neutzling
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
Local Farmer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short Food Supply Chains

As the industrialized agro-food supply systems have been commonly criticized for their adverse environmental and social impact, Short food supply chains have emerged as a promising sustainable alternative. Given that the history of SFSCs is relatively short, the majority of empirical evidences is from developed countries, and existing studies on SFSCs in developing country context are rather limited. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the farmers’ attitudes towards participating in SFSCs by conducting a field research in China. Semi-structured interviews were implemented with eight participants selected from a local farmer market as a pilot study. The social and economic reasons are found to be the main motivations of Chinese farmers participating in SFSCs. However, none of these interviewed participants are aware of the environmental effects of SFSCs. Moreover, the findings were cross-compared with existing studies conducted in developed countries. It was found that Chinese farmers participating in SFSCs are mainly passive choice, as they lack of relevant knowledge and governmental support.

scholarly journals Fundamentālisms kā kristīgās ticības fenomens Latvijā

Ceļš ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 20-36
Author(s):  
Dace Balode ◽  
◽  
Ģirts Rozners
Keyword(s):  
Self Awareness ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Politically Active ◽  
The Church

Although in the modern age fundamentalism is sometimes considered a phenomenon that no longer has a place in it, it is not so. Fundamentalism is formed in the dialectic between the need of one part of society for change and the reaction of another part of society to it as undesirable and dangerous. The study examines the history of the formation of Christian fundamentalism, focussing on three characteristic features of the phenomenon in the context of the 21st century. Firstly, it is a fundamental abandonment of the historically critical method of researching the Bible, preferring instead a literal interpretation of the Bible that views the text as verbally inspired, inerrant, and infallible. Literal reading can concur with a belief in the only correct doctrine, a distinctly dualistic vision of the world, and a sense of radically exclusive self-awareness. When it comes to winning fundamental battles over biblical truth, fundamentalist arguments become radical and intolerant. Thus, the next feature is justification of intolerance in the name of defending the literal reading of the Bible. It can be directed against individuals or groups outside the community, but equally against individuals within the community. The third feature is that the battlefield is not always limited to matters affecting the life of the church but extends to society as a whole. Namely, when socio-political tendencies are not in line with the “biblical truth”, fundamentalists become loud and politically active. Authors argue that there are clear signs of fundamentalistic tendencies in Latvian Christian society and clergy. Interviews with clergy show a strong belief in the inerrancy and infallibility of the Bible. The exegesis of fundamentalism is oriented towards the maintenance of a single truth. There should be a single interpretation of the texts, therefore, in order to adhere to and defend its exegetical view, fundamentalism needs various aids, including the authority of the church and the strict boundaries, which must not be violated. The study looks at two examples, where certain Latvian denominations have taken on the role of disciplinarians, pushing out dissidents. The political activities of the Christian denominations in Latvia also reveal fears that the modern age may bring about the loss of Bible’s authority. Consequently, morality is enforced, and Fundamentalism defends its positions trying to impose the relevant paradigms upon the entire society

Fast Food

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Penfold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global History ◽  
Global Brand ◽  
Family Leisure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systematic Thinking

Fast food probably originated in 1948, when Dick and Maurice McDonald re-designed their successful restaurant. Few of the brothers' "innovations" were entirely new. They specialized in a small number of familiar foods and applied systematic thinking to production. By fitting into existing and emerging cultures of age, family, leisure and consumption, the brothers' new outlet acquired a social life. Under Ray Kroc's leadership, McDonald's grew from its first outlet near Chicago to more than 300 locations in 44 states by 1961, when he bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million. Over the next decade, McDonald's emerged as a dominant fast food chain in the United States, spread to Canada, and eventually turned into a global brand. Four themes—expansion, taste, systems, and social life—might be viewed as the basic elements of a global history of fast food, one that has similarities to the McDonald's story but is unique on its own. Technology and technocracy allowed food to become fast food.

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