scholarly journals Virulence Effectors of Pathogenic Mycoplasmas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan A. May ◽  
Daniel R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Virulence Effectors ◽  
Cards Toxin

Members of the genus Mycoplasma and related organisms impose a substantial burden of infectious diseases on humans and animals, but the last comprehensive review of mycoplasmal pathogenicity was published 20 years ago. Post-genomic analyses have now begun to support the discovery and detailed molecular biological characterization of a number of specific mycoplasmal virulence factors. This review covers three categories of defined mycoplasmal virulence effectors: 1) specific macromolecules including the superantigen MAM, the ADP-ribosylating CARDS toxin, sialidase, cytotoxic nucleases, cell-activating diacylated lipopeptides, and phosphocholine-containing glycoglycerolipids; 2) the small molecule effectors hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia; and 3) several putative mycoplasmal orthologs of virulence effectors documented in other bacteria.  Understanding such effectors and their mechanisms of action at the molecular level connects the biology of the bacteria to direct effects on the host and host responses they elicit, and is expected to translate into new interventions for human and veterinary mycoplasmosis.

scholarly journals De novo assembly and inferred functional annotation of the transcriptome of Heterosigma akashiwo

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanao Sato ◽  
Masahide Seki ◽  
Yutaka Suzuki ◽  
Shoko Ueki
Keyword(s):  
Functional Annotation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Heterosigma Akashiwo ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Nucleotide Database

Heterosigma akashiwo is a eukaryotic, cosmopolitan, and unicellular alga (class: Raphidophyceae), and produces fish-killing blooms. There is a substantial scientific and practical interest in its ecophysiological characteristics that determine bloom dynamics and its adaptation to broad climate zones. A well-annotated genomic/genetic sequence information enables researchers to characterize organisms using modern molecular technology. The Chloroplast and the mitochondrial genome sequences and transcriptome sequence assembly (TSA) datasets with limited sizes for H. akashiwo are available in NCBI nucleotide database on December 2021: there is no doubt that more genetic information of the species will greatly enhance the progress of biological characterization of the species. Here, we conducted H. akashiwo RNA sequencing, a de novo transcriptome assembly (NCBI TSA ICRV01) of a large number of high-quality short-read sequences, and the functional annotation of predicted genes. Based on our transcriptome, we confirmed that the organism possesses genes that were predicted to function in phagocytosis, supporting the earlier observations of H. akashiwo bacterivory. Along with its capability for photosynthesis, the mixotrophy of H. akashiwo may partially explain its high adaptability to various environmental conditions. Our study here will provide an important toehold to decipher H. akashiwo ecophysiology at a molecular level.

scholarly journals De novo assembly and inferred functional annotation of the transcriptome of Heterosigma akashiwo

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanao Sato ◽  
Masahide Seki ◽  
Yutaka Suzuki ◽  
Shoko Ueki
Keyword(s):  
Functional Annotation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Heterosigma Akashiwo ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Nucleotide Database

Heterosigma akashiwo is a eukaryotic, cosmopolitan, and unicellular alga (class: Raphidophyceae), and produces fish-killing blooms. There is a substantial scientific and practical interest in its ecophysiological characteristics that determine bloom dynamics and its adaptation to broad climate zones. A well-annotated genomic/genetic sequence information enables researchers to characterize organisms using modern molecular technology. The Chloroplast and the mitochondrial genome sequences and transcriptome sequence assembly (TSA) datasets with limited sizes for H. akashiwo are available in NCBI nucleotide database on December 2021: there is no doubt that more genetic information of the species will greatly enhance the progress of biological characterization of the species. Here, we conducted H. akashiwo RNA sequencing, a de novo transcriptome assembly (NCBI TSA ICRV01) of a large number of high-quality short-read sequences, and the functional annotation of predicted genes. Based on our transcriptome, we confirmed that the organism possesses genes that were predicted to function in phagocytosis, supporting the earlier observations of H. akashiwo bacterivory. Along with its capability for photosynthesis, the mixotrophy of H. akashiwo may partially explain its high adaptability to various environmental conditions. Our study here will provide an important toehold to decipher H. akashiwo ecophysiology at a molecular level.

Biological characterization of dehydrated amniotic membrane allograft: Mechanisms of action and implications for wound care

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 3076-3083
Author(s):  
Marc C. Moore ◽  
Paul P. Bonvallet ◽  
Sita M. Damaraju ◽  
Heli N. Modi ◽  
Ankur Gandhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Membrane ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Characterization

scholarly journals In Vitro Characterization of the Antibacterial Spectrum of Novel Bacterial Type II Topoisomerase Inhibitors of the Aminobenzimidazole Class

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1228-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagraj Mani ◽  
Christian H. Gross ◽  
Jonathan D. Parsons ◽  
Brian Hanzelka ◽  
Ute Müh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Low Frequencies

ABSTRACT Antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are becoming increasingly important in the battle against bacterial resistance to all currently used classes of antibiotics. Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (topoIV) are the familiar targets of fluoroquinolone and coumarin antibiotics. Here we present the characterization of two members of a new class of synthetic bacterial topoII ATPase inhibitors: VRT-125853 and VRT-752586. These aminobenzimidazole compounds were potent inhibitors of both DNA gyrase and topoIV and had excellent antibacterial activities against a wide spectrum of problematic pathogens responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, and mycobacteria. Consistent with the novelty of their structures and mechanisms of action, antibacterial potency was unaffected by commonly encountered resistance phenotypes, including fluoroquinolone resistance. In time-kill assays, VRT-125853 and VRT-752586 were bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, causing 3-log reductions in viable cells within 24 h. Finally, similar to the fluoroquinolones, relatively low frequencies of spontaneous resistance to VRT-125853 and VRT-752586 were found, a property consistent with their in vitro dual-targeting activities.

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