Current Trends and Applications of Food Derived Antihypertensive Peptides for the Management of Cardiovascular Disease

Food derived Antihypertensive peptides is considered as a natural supplement for controlling the hypertension. Food protein not only serve as a macronutrient but also act as raw material for biosynthesis of physiologically active peptides. Food sources like milk and milk products, animal protein such as meat, chicken, fish, eggs and plant derived proteins from soy, rice, wheat, mushroom, pumpkins contain high amount of antihypertensive peptides. The food derived antihypertensive peptides has ability to supress the action of rennin and Angiotesin converting enzyme (ACE) which is mainly involved in regulation of blood pressure by RAS. The biosynthesis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is also improved by ACE inhibitory peptides which increase the production of nitric oxide in vascular walls and encourage vasodilation. Interaction between the angiotensin II and its receptor is also inhibited by the peptides which help to reduce hypertension. This review will explore the novel sources and applications of food derived peptides for the management of hypertension.

Specialized sports nutrition products using protein hydrolysis compositions of collagen-containing fish raw materials

The development of specialized sports nutrition with components of collagen-containing fish raw materials is due to the shortage of domestic products of this group, the problem of fish waste processing, scientific data on bioactive peptides of marine origin. Low-molecular active peptides and protein-mineral compositions in the form of powder and liquid dietary supplements were obtained from the scales of sardine and sardinella by methods of deep hydrolysis. During the hydrolysis of raw materials, fermentolysis was carried out with the Alcalase 2.5L enzyme, thermohydrolysis - at temperatures of 130-140 °C. The chemical composition of the scales of two fish species, the products of its hydrolysis, and the amino acid composition of its proteins have been studied. The amount of low-molecular-weight peptides in hydrolysates of sardine scales was investigated by various methods of hydrolysis. Rational methods of hydrolysis of scales - enzymatic and enzymatic-thermal - have been substantiated. They make it possible to obtain protein supplements with protein content of 83.9-85.2 % with a proportion of active peptides with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa 91.7-98.1 %. A technology for obtaining protein supplements from fish scales has been developed, and their amino acid composition has been studied. The presence of irreplaceable and ergogenic amino acids, accompanying nitrogenous compounds, valuable in sports nutrition, was shown in the peptide supplement. An increased content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the protein-mineral dietary supplement being important for the musculoskeletal tissues of an athlete has been established. On the basis of protein supplements in dry and liquid forms with the addition of beekeeping products, the technology of chewing marmalade for sports nutrition has been developed. Bioproduct "Apikolltonus" belongs to the class of gainers with a protein content of 20.5 %, a carbohydrate of 41.6 % with an amino acid value of BCAA (isoleucine : leucine : valine) 2 : 1 : 1.5. A multicomponent bar for sports nutrition has been developed using protein hydrolysates of scales, flaxseed and apple cakes, and pine nuts. The bar is functional in terms of the content of calcium and phosphorus, dietary fiber, flavonoids, and vitamin E. Recommendations for the use of new sports nutrition products are substantiated.

Blockade of TMPRSS2-mediated priming of SARS-CoV-2 by the N-terminal peptide of lactoferrin

In addition to vaccines, there is an urgent need for supplemental antiviral therapeutics to dampen the persistent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which is responsible for the proteolytic processing of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as virus priming for cell entry, appears as a rational therapeutic target for the clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Accordingly, selective inhibitors of TMPRSS2 represent potential tools for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Here, we tested the inhibitory capacities of the human milk glycoprotein lactoferrin and its N-terminal peptide pLF1, which we identified as inhibitors of plasminogen, a serine protease homologous to TMPRSS2. In vitro proteolysis assays revealed that, unlike full-length lactoferrin, pLF1 significantly inhibited the proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2. pLF1 inhibited both the proteolytic processing of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the SARS-CoV-2 infection of simian Vero cells. Because lactoferrin is a natural product and several biologically active peptides, such as the N-terminally derived lactoferricins, are produced naturally by pepsin-mediated digestion, natural or synthetic peptides from lactoferrin represent well-achievable candidates for supporting prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

β Cyclodextrin Nanocomplexes with Biologically Active Peptides from Hydrolysed Bovine Whey and Colostrum

β Cyclodextrin nanocomplexes with extensive whey and colostrum hydrolysates possessing acceptable flavor properties serve as potential sources of bioactive peptides. In this study, comparative characterization of dairy protein hydrolysates and their complexes with β cyclodextrin is presented. Antioxidant activity of studied samples was estimated by fluorometric method, the formation of clathrates with cyclic oligosaccharide was determined using thermogravimetric analysis. A significant decrease in bitterness of peptides included in cyclic oligosaccharides was established compared with samples of dairy hydrolysates. 2.1/1.3 fold increase in the antioxidant potential of β cyclodextrin clathrates with whey/colostrum hydrolysates was recorded versus unbound peptide fractions. According to toxicological tests on Tetrahymena pyriformis, the samples of whey hydrolysate and the resulting nanocomplex were referred to as non-toxic and slightly hazardous compounds, respectively. The dynamics of body weight gain and the relative weight coefficient of internal organs revealed no differences compared to the control group of Rattus norvegicus. The data on differentiation of blood cells, their death, and cytogenetic disorders demonstrated that a sample of cyclic oligosaccharides with whey peptides is non-toxic at the maximum dosages allowable for administration. β Cyclodextrin complexing with dairy peptides resulted in enhanced radical-reducing activity and improved flavor properties, making the clathrates promising and safe ingredients of special nutrition formulas.

Identification of Novel Conopeptides and Distinct Gene Superfamilies in the Marine Cone Snail Conus quercinus

Conopeptides from the marine cone snails are a mixture of cysteine-rich active peptides, representing a unique and fertile resource for neuroscience research and drug discovery. The ConoServer database includes 8,134 conopeptides from 122 Conus species, yet many more natural conopeptides remain to be discovered. Here, we identified 517 distinct conopeptide precursors in Conus quercinus using de novo deep transcriptome sequencing. Ten of these precursors were verified at the protein level using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The combined gene and protein analyses revealed two novel gene superfamilies (Que-MNCLQ and Que-MAMNV), and three other gene superfamilies (N, P, and I1) were reported for the first time in C. quercinus. From the Que-MAMNV superfamily, a novel conotoxin, Que-0.1, was obtained via cloning and prokaryotic expression. We also documented a new purification process that can be used to induce the expression of conopeptides containing multiple pairs of disulfide bonds. The animal experiments showed that Que-0.1 strongly inhibited neuroconduction; the effects of Que-1.0 were 6.25 times stronger than those of pethidine hydrochloride. In addition, a new cysteine framework (CC-C-C-C-C-C-CC-C-C-C-C-C) was found in C. quercinus. These discoveries accelerate our understanding of conopeptide diversity in the genus, Conus and supply promising materials for medical research.

Potential Relevance of Bioactive Peptides in Sports Nutrition

Bioactive peptides are physiologically active peptides mostly derived from proteins following gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. It has been shown that bioactive peptides can be resorbed in their intact form and have repeatedly been shown to have a positive effect on health-related parameters such as hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, inflammation and oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that biologically active peptides could also play an important role in sports nutrition. Current studies have shown that bioactive peptides could have a positive impact on changes in body composition and muscular performance, reduce muscle damage following exercise and induce beneficial adaptions within the connective tissue. In the following overview, potential mechanisms as well as possible limitations regarding the sports-related effect of bioactive peptides and their potential mechanisms are presented and discussed. In addition, practical applications will be discussed on how bioactive peptides can be integrated into a nutritional approach in sports to enhance athletic performance as well as prevent injuries and improve the rehabilitation process.

Development and evaluation of whey based grapes and papaya drink

Whey is nutritious by-product of cheese industry which is dumped into fields, canals and rivers in Bangladesh. It has biological active peptides, proteins and other functional characteristics, due to which it could be used in different food products such as infant formula, beverages and sports nutrition products. Grapes and papaya are rich source of sugar, vitamins, bioactive compounds, dietary antioxidants and fructo-oligosaccharide. They improve the mineral absorption, decrease the serum cholesterol level and stimulate the intestinal microflora due to their prebiotic effects. The current study is being planned to develop low cost nutritive whey-based fruit drink in Bangladesh. Grapes and papaya will be added in the whey with different ratio for development of suitable drink. The drinks will be pasteurized or unpasteurized filled in bottles and keep in refrigerator for the period of 15 days. During storage drinks will be evaluated for physicochemical attributes (ash, pH, crude fat, crude protein, acidity, solid not fat, viscosity and total solids), Microbial (TVC and Coliform) and sensory evaluation (appearance, taste, flavor and over all acceptability) will also be came out during storage. Consequently, the obtained data will be analyzed statistically following two factors under CRD design.