Fan-shaped Spectrums of Species and Paleopolyploidy for Foundation of Crossbreeding Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Primitive Type ◽  
Gene Combination ◽  
Mutation Theory ◽  
Primitive Species ◽  
Genome Duplications ◽  
Multiple Routes

Although Darwin‘s evolutionary mutation theory has been widely accepted, many endeavors tried to challenge it. With more and more observation of successful hybridization and hybrids, the sexual isolation between species has become vague. The mechanism of evolution has been expanded from the classical model of evolution to multiple routes of speciation. Furthermore, a fundamental crossbreeding theory has been raised and proved by two lines of evidences: paleopolyploidy and fan-shaped spectrum of species. Ancient genome duplications are widespread throughout eukaryotic lineages, particularly in plants. The genome polyploidization can break through the sexual incompatibility between diploid counterparts to hybridize and produce new species. By comparing characteristics, all species in every taxon, both in the extinct fossil and extant organisms, can be arranged into fan-shaped spectrum according to their similarity: left primitive type-middle advanced type-right primitive type. The species are primitive at the two ends and advanced at the middle. The primitive two species always resemble two types of more primitive species that can be confirmed as their ancestors respectively, and the middle species is half similar to the two ancestors respectively. These suggest that the species in the spectrum come from two different ancestors by crossbreeding and gene combination. As a sum, advanced species originated from crossbreeding of two primitive ancestors, by major method of polyploidization, and proved by results of fan-shaped spectrum of species. Then, sex is the cause, force and opportunity for evolution.

scholarly journals Fan-shaped Spectrums of Species and Paleopolyploidy for Crossbreeding Evolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Primitive Type ◽  
Gene Combination ◽  
Mutation Theory ◽  
Primitive Species ◽  
Genome Duplications ◽  
Multiple Routes

Although Darwin‘s evolutionary mutation theory has been widely accepted, many endeavors tried to challenge it. With more and more observation of successful hybridization and hybrids, the sexual isolation between species has become vague. The mechanism of evolution has been expanded from the classical model of evolution to multiple routes of speciation. Furthermore, a fundamental crossbreeding theory has been raised and proved by two lines of evidences: paleopolyploidy and fan-shaped spectrum of species. Ancient genome duplications are widespread throughout eukaryotic lineages, particularly in plants. The genome polyploidization can break through the sexual incompatibility between diploid counterparts to hybridize and produce new species. By comparing characteristics, all species in every taxon, both in the extinct fossil and extant organisms, can be arranged into fan-shaped spectrum according to their similarity: left primitive type-middle advanced type-right primitive type. The species are primitive at the two ends and advanced at the middle. The primitive two species always resemble two types of more primitive species that can be confirmed as their ancestors respectively, and the middle species is half similar to the two ancestors respectively. These suggest that the species in the spectrum come from two different ancestors by crossbreeding and gene combination. As a sum, advanced species originated from crossbreeding of two primitive ancestors, by major method of polyploidization, and proved by results of fan-shaped spectrum of species. Then, sex is the cause, force and opportunity for evolution.

A New Primitive Species of the Flat-Headed Peccary Platygonus (Tayassuidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) From the Late Miocene of the High Plains

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Prothero ◽  
Jessica Grenader
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Mandibular Symphysis ◽  
Zygomatic Process ◽  
Primitive Species ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the Pliocene–Pleistocene flat-headed peccary, Platygonus pollenae, has been recovered latest Hemphillian (latest Miocene) localities from Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. It can be distinguished from other tayassuids by its distally rounded wing-like zygomatic process, and its subzygodont cheek teeth. In contrast to more derived species of Platygonus, it is much smaller in size, its molars are relatively more bunodont, the talon and talonid cusps are retained on the premolars of most individuals, and the mandibular symphysis lacks a median keel on the chin. In these characters, it is the earliest and the most primitive species of Platygonus known. It is more primitive than the typical Blancan species, or any of the species from the Pleistocene, and demonstrates the origin of this important Pleistocene mammal in the latest Miocene.

A new species of Neoascaris from Rattus assimilis, with a redefinition of the genus

Parasitology ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 350-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
New Species ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Oesophageal Gland ◽  
The Family ◽  
Primitive Species ◽  
A New Species

Neoascaris mackerrasae from the small intestine of the Australian allied rat (Rattus assimilis) is described. It is compared with Neoascaris vitulorum and found to differ as follows:(1) It is a considerably smaller species.(2) The vulva is situated more posteriorly.(3) The nucleus of the dorsal oesophageal gland is oval and situated in the dorsal sector of the ventriculus, whereas in N. vitulorum it is elongate and is situated in the sub ventral sectors.(4) The eggs are more coarsely pitted.(5) The spicules have two flanges which form a gutter on the ventral surface, whereas in N. vitulorum they are almost cylindrical.The genus Neoascaris is redefined so as to include the presence of rudimentary cervical alae and the unequal distribution of the oesophageal glands. The genus is placed in the family Toxocaridae Hartwich, 1954.Other ascaridoid parasites occurring in rodents are listed and differentiated from N. mackerrasae. It is suggested that on account of the arrangement in the ventriculus of the nuclei of the oesophageal glands, N. mackerrasae may represent a primitive species among the ascaridoid parasites of mammals.

scholarly journals Every inch a finch: a commentary on Grant (1993) ‘Hybridization of Darwin's finches on Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos’

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1666) ◽  
pp. 20140287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Bell
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Species Formation ◽  
As Species ◽  
Classical Studies

One of the most familiar features of the natural world is that most animals and plants fall into distinct categories known as species. The attempt to understand the nature of species and the origin of new species was the enterprise that drove the early development of evolutionary biology and has continued to be a major focus of research. Individuals belonging to the same species usually share a distinctive appearance and way of life, and they can mate together successfully and produce viable offspring. New species may evolve, therefore, either through ecological divergence or through sexual isolation. The balance between these processes will depend on the extent of hybridization, especially in the early stages of divergence. Detecting and measuring hybridization in natural populations, however, requires intensive, long-term field programmes that are seldom undertaken, leaving a gap in our understanding of species formation. The finch community of a small, isolated island in the Galapagos provided an opportunity to discover how frequently hybridization takes place between closely related species in a pristine location, and Peter Grant's paper, published in Philosophical Transactions B in 1993, reports the observations that he and his collaborators made during the first 20 years of what is now one of the classical studies of evolution in action. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

scholarly journals Goniocamax christenseni n. sp. (Belemnitellidae, Belemnitida) – a new species from the Upper Cretaceous of Russia

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Martin Košták
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Volga River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Primitive Species ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

A new species of Goniocamax Naidin: Goniocamax christenseni n. sp. is described from the Upper Turonian and the lowermost Coniacian strata of the Volga river region in Russia. The new species occur together with ‘primitive’ species of Goniocamax i.e. Goniocamax intermedius (Arkhangelsky) and G. surensis (Naidin), which suggests that two parallel evolutionary lineages in Goniocamax sensu Naidin, 1964 were present and both of unknown origin. The origin of G. lundgreni (Stolley) can be explained by gradual calcification of the anterior part of the guard in the intermedius/surensis group. G. christenseni n. sp. has a well calcified pseudoalveolus and an acute angle at the bottom of the ventral fissure of the wall of the pseudoalveolus. Thus, G. christenseni n. sp. resembles the first representatives of Belemnitella D’Orbigny and is considered the likely ancestor of the Belemnitella group. Phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the Late Turonian belemnitellids (genera Praeactinocamax Naidin and Goniocamax Naidin) are discussed.

scholarly journals ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PRIMITIVE ORBITOIDES SPECIES IN GAVROVO – TRIPOLITZA PLATFORM (MAINALON MOUNTAIN, PELOPONNESUS, GREECE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zambetakis-Lekkas
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Primitive Species ◽  
Shelf Sedimentation ◽  
First Time ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Open Shelf

Orbitoides genus is considered as a cosmopolitan one, with a worldwide distribution. It characterizes the open shelf sedimentation of late Cretaceous. Therefore, primitive species of the genus have not the same large paleogeographic distribution as the more evolved species. While evolved species of Orbitoides genus are frequently referred in Hellenids, primitive species are reported for the first time in Mainalon Mountain in central Peloponnessus (Zambetakis-Lekkas & Alexopoulos 2007). In this paper primitive Orbitoides species in the above area are studied and discussed. A new species seems to be identified.

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