scholarly journals Army R-22 refrigerant phase-out strategy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Miller ◽  
Anthony Latino ◽  
Chandana Konidala ◽  
Raymond Patenaude
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Stated Goal ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
Mission Critical ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
The U.S

R-22 (also known as HCFC-22) is one of the most widely used refrigerants in U.S. Army air-conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) systems since the phase-out of R-12 refrigerant in 1995. The need to phase out R-22 is attributed to its global warming potential and high ozone-depleting capability. The U.S. Army has tens of thousands of aging AC&R systems that will remain dependent on R-22, or one of the recently developed substitutes for R-22, until they reach the end of their operational life. This project conducted a survey to understand the current R-22 usage and types of R-22 AC&R equipment that are in use across U.S. Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM) installations. This study describes several methods to remove or retrofit R-22 from typical AC&R equipment and implementation strategies to meet the stated goal of eliminating R-22 from IMCOM installations. The scope of this project included the review of BUILDER SMS data for IMCOM installations, which included data on 13,000 pieces of comfort cooling equipment for 31 installations. The report also provides an analysis of several R-22 alternatives and their physical properties and compatibility. Mission critical tactical cooling that uses R-22 refrigerant was not within the scope of this project.

scholarly journals Refrigerating fluid with a low global warming potential for automotive air conditioning systems in summer

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
Zhaofeng Meng ◽  
Yin Liu ◽  
Dingbiao Wang ◽  
Long Gao ◽  
Junhai Yan
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Automotive Air Conditioning ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
Low Global Warming Potential ◽  
Lower Discharge

Refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP) are much needed in automotive air conditioning systems. This paper compares two refrigerants, R134a (GWP=1300) and R513A (GWP=573) experimentally. The results show that the latter has lower cooling capacity, lower COP and lower discharge temperature than the former, revealing that R513A is a promising replacement of its high GWP partner.

scholarly journals Energy and Exergy Analysis of Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants as Replacement for R410A in Two-Speed Heat Pumps for Cold Climates

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5666
Author(s):  
Bo Shen ◽  
Moonis R. Ally
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Pump Design ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Low Global Warming Potential

Heat pumps (HPs) are being developed with a new emphasis on cold climates. To lower the environmental impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, alternate low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants must also replace the exclusive use of the refrigerant R410A, preferably without re-engineering the mechanical hardware. In this paper, we analyze the performance of four low-GWP alternative refrigerants (R32, R452B, R454B, and R466A) relative to the conventional R410A and draw conclusions on the relative performances for providing heating in cold climates based on the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) 210/240 standard for two-speed heat pumps. The simulations are carried using the Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE/ORNL) Heat Pump Design Model (HPDM), a well-known heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) modeling and design tool in the public domain and the HVAC research and development community. The results of the simulation are further scrutinized using exergy analysis to identify sources of systemic inefficiency, the root cause of lost work. This rigorous approach provides an exhaustive analysis of alternate low-GWP refrigerants to replace R410A using available compressors and system components, without compromising performance.

scholarly journals Rethinking methane from animal agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shule Liu ◽  
Joe Proudman ◽  
Frank M. Mitloehner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Animal Agriculture ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background As the global community actively works to keep temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 °C, predicting greenhouse gases (GHGs) by how they warm the planet—and not their carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalence—provides information critical to developing short- and long-term climate solutions. Livestock, and in particular cattle, have been broadly branded as major emitters of methane (CH4) and significant drivers of climate change. Livestock production has been growing to meet the global food demand, however, increasing demand for production does not necessarily result in the proportional increase of CH4 production. The present paper intends to evaluate the actual effects of the CH4 emission from U.S. dairy and beef production on temperature and initiate a rethinking of CH4 associated with animal agriculture to clarify long-standing misunderstandings and uncover the potential role of animal agriculture in fighting climate change. Methods Two climate metrics, the standard 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) and the recently proposed Global Warming Potential Star (GWP*), were applied to the CH4 emission from the U.S. cattle industry to assess and compare its climate contribution. Results Using GWP*, the projected climate impacts show that CH4 emissions from the U.S. cattle industry have not contributed additional warming since 1986. Calculations show that the California dairy industry will approach climate neutrality in the next ten years if CH4 emissions can be reduced by 1% per year, with the possibility to induce cooling if there are further reductions of emissions. Conclusions GWP* should be used in combination with GWP to provide feasible strategies on fighting climate change induced by short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). By continuously improving production efficiency and management practices, animal agriculture can be a short-term solution to fight climate warming that the global community can leverage while developing long-term solutions for fossil fuel carbon emissions.

scholarly journals Phase-out of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration systems: Status of process in Colombia

Respuestas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Juan José García Pabón
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Very High

This article is intended to draw attention of the community in general to the changes that have taken place in refrigeration and air conditioning industry of the HFC refrigerants currently used. The HFCs are not Ozone-depleting substances, but the some HFCs are greenhouse gases with very high potential for global warming (GWPs). Thus, more than 150 countries sign up the Kigali Amendment in 2016, establishing the decreasing of the production and consumption of the HFCs. This paper briefly describes the problems surrounding the HFCs and summarizes the fluids considered as alternatives for the main HFCs used in refrigeration systems presented in the scientific literature. In addition, the outlook and the current situation of the HFC withdrawal process in Colombia are analyzed.

LOW GLOBAL WARMING REFRIGERANTS FOR RESIDENTIAL AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 1440005 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK SPATZ ◽  
SAMUEL YANA MOTTA ◽  
CHRISTOPHER SEETON ◽  
YONGMING NIU
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Flammability Characteristics ◽  
R 134A ◽  
Residential Air Conditioning ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

Due to the growing global concerns around the use of refrigerants with relatively high global warming potential, new refrigerants with the positive attributes of both high thermal performance and low environmental impact are currently in development by Honeywell. These new refrigerants exhibit promising performance when compared with refrigerants currently used in stationary AC systems such as those that use R-410A, R-407C, and R-134a, for example. These new refrigerants also show significantly lower flammability characteristics than the much more flammable hydrocarbons. Replacements of common HFC refrigerants such as R-410A and R-407C are discussed for residential air conditioning applications. Thermal properties as well as experimental results in representative air conditioning systems are presented, showing the benefits of using these new refrigerants.

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