scholarly journals Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Proenca ◽  
Fernanda Mattos Souza ◽  
Mayara Lisboa Bastos ◽  
Rosangela Caetano ◽  
Jose Ueleres Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

Abstract Background: In 2018, there were 70.8 million refugees, asylum seekers and persons displaced by wars and conflicts worldwide. Many of these individuals face a high risk for tuberculosis in their country of origin, which may be accentuated by adverse conditions endured during their journey. We summarised the prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis infection in refugees and asylum seekers through a systematic literature review and meta-analyses by country of origin and host continent. Methods: Articles published in Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and LILACS from January 2000 to August 2017 were searched for, without language restriction. Two independent authors performed the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. Random effect models were used to estimate average measures of active and latent tuberculosis prevalence. Sub-group meta-analyses were performed according to country of origin and host continent.Results: Sixty-seven out of 767 identified articles were included, of which 16 entered the meta-analyses. Average prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis was 1331 per 100 thousand inhabitants [95% confidence interval (CI) = 542-2384] and 37% (95% CI = 23-52%), respectively, both with high level of heterogeneity (variation in estimative attributable to heterogeneity [I2] = 98.2% and 99.8%). Prevalence varied more according to countries of origin than host continent. Ninety-one per cent of studies reported routine screening of recently arrived immigrants in the host country; two-thirds confirmed tuberculosis bacteriologically. Many studies failed to provide relevant information.Conclusion: Tuberculosis is a major health problem among refugees and asylum seekers and should be given special attention in any host continent. To protect this vulnerable population, ensuring access to healthcare for early detection for prevention and treatment of the disease is essential.

scholarly journals Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Proenca ◽  
Fernanda Mattos Souza ◽  
Mayara Lisboa Bastos ◽  
Rosangela Caetano ◽  
Jose Ueleres Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

Abstract Background: In 2018, there were 70.8 million refugees, asylum seekers and persons displaced by wars and conflicts worldwide. Many of these individuals face a high risk for tuberculosis in their country of origin, which may be accentuated by adverse conditions endured during their journey. Objective: We summarised the prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis infection in refugees and asylum seekers through a systematic literature review and meta-analyses by country of origin and host continent. Methods: Articles published in Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and LILACS from January 2000 to August 2017 were searched for, without language restriction. Two independent authors performed the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. Random effect models were used to estimate average measures of active and latent tuberculosis prevalence. Sub-group meta-analyses were performed according to country of origin and host continent. Results: Sixty-seven out of 767 identified articles were included, of which 16 entered the meta-analyses. Average prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis was 1331 per 100 thousand inhabitants [95% confidence interval (CI) = 542-2384] and 37% (95% CI = 23-52%), respectively, both with high level of heterogeneity (variation in estimative attributable to heterogeneity [I 2 ] = 98.2% and 99.8%). Prevalence varied more according to countries of origin than host continent. Ninety-one per cent of studies reported routine screening of recently arrived immigrants in the host country; two-thirds confirmed tuberculosis bacteriologically. Many studies failed to provide relevant information. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is a major health problem among refugees and asylum seekers and should be given special attention in any host continent. To protect this vulnerable population, ensuring access to healthcare for early detection for prevention and treatment of the disease is essential.

scholarly journals Active and latent tuberculosis among refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Proenca ◽  
Fernanda Mattos Souza ◽  
Mayara Lisboa Bastos ◽  
Rosangela Caetano ◽  
Jose Ueleres Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevalence

Abstract Background: In 2017, there were 68.5 million refugees, asylum seekers and persons displaced by wars and conflicts worldwide. Tuberculosis prevalence in the country of origin and adverse conditions endured during their journey may increase their risk for tuberculosis. Objective: We summarized the prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis infection among refugees and asylum seekers through a literature systematic review and meta-analysis by country of origin. Methods: Articles published in Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and LILACS from 2000 to August 2017 were searched for, without language restriction. Two independent authors performed the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. Random effect models were used to estimate pooled measures of active and latent tuberculosis prevalence. Sub-group analysis was performed according to country of origin and host continent. Results: Sixty-seven out of 767 identified papers were included, of which 16 entered the meta-analysis. Pooled prevalence of active and latent tuberculosis was 1% [95% confidence interval (CI)=1-2%] and 37% (95% CI=23-52%), respectively, both with high level of heterogeneity (I 2 =98.2% and 99.8%). Prevalence varied more according to countries of origin than host continent. Ninety-one per cent of studies reported routine screening of recently arrived immigrants in the host country; two-thirds confirmed tuberculosis bacteriologically. Many studies failed to provide relevant information. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is a major health problem among refugees and asylum seekers and should be given special attention in any host continent. To protect this vulnerable population, ensuring access to healthcare for early detection for prevention and treatment of the disease is essential. Key words: Forced migration. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Latent tuberculosis infection. Prevalence. Global health.

scholarly journals Suggestibility in functional neurological disorder: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-323706
Author(s):  
Lillian Wieder ◽  
Richard Brown ◽  
Trevor Thompson ◽  
Devin B. Terhune
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorder ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Somatisation Disorder ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Functional Neurological Disorder

ObjectiveResponsiveness to direct verbal suggestions (suggestibility) has long been hypothesised to represent a predisposing factor for functional neurological disorder (FND) but previous research has yielded conflicting results. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate whether patients with FND display elevated suggestibility relative to controls via meta-analysis.MethodsFour electronic databases were searched in November 2019, with the search updated in April 2020, for original studies assessing suggestibility using standardised behavioural scales or suggestive symptom induction protocols in patients with FND (including somatisation disorder) and controls. The meta-analysis followed Cochrane, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Data extraction and study quality coding were performed by two independent reviewers. Standardised suggestibility scores and responsiveness to symptom induction protocols were used to calculate standardised mean differences (SMDs) between groups.ResultsOf 26 643 search results, 19 articles presenting 11 standardised suggestibility data sets (FND: n=316; control: n=360) and 11 symptom suggestibility data sets (FND: n=1285; control: n=1409) were included in random-effect meta-analyses. Meta-analyses revealed that patients with FND displayed greater suggestibility than controls on standardised behavioural scales (SMD, 0.48 (95% C, 0.15 to 0.81)) and greater responsiveness to suggestive symptom induction (SMD, 1.39 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.86)). Moderation analyses presented mixed evidence regarding the extent to which effect sizes covaried with methodological differences across studies. No evidence of publication bias was found.ConclusionsThese results corroborate the hypothesis that FND is characterised by heightened responsiveness to verbal suggestion. Atypical suggestibility may confer risk for FND and be a cognitive marker that can inform diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

scholarly journals Prejudice-relevant Correlates of Attitudes towards Refugees: A Meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Mei Cowling ◽  
Joel R Anderson ◽  
Rose Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽  
Systematic Database

Abstract This article meta-analyses the available data on attitudes towards refugees and asylum seekers, with the aim of estimating effect sizes for the relationships between these attitudes and prejudice-relevant correlates. Seventy studies (Ntotal = 13,720) were located using systematic database searches and calls for unpublished data. In the case of demographic factors, being male, religious, nationally identified, politically conservative, and less educated were associated with negative attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.11, 0.17, 0.18, 0.21, and –0.16, respectively). For ideological factors, increases in right-wing authoritarianism and social-dominance orientations correlated with negative attitudes, while the endorsement of macro (but not micro) justice principles were associated with positive attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.50, 0.50, –0.29, and 0.00, respectively). Perceptions of refugees as symbolic and realistic threats were the strongest correlates of negative attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.98 and 1.11, respectively). These findings have contributed to the growing body of knowledge that endeavors to understand the antecedents of refugee-specific prejudice, and are discussed in light of the global refugee crisis.

scholarly journals Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Proença ◽  
Fernanda Mattos Souza ◽  
Mayara Lisboa Bastos ◽  
Rosângela Caetano ◽  
José Ueleres Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

scholarly journals Prejudice-Relevant Correlates of Attitudes Towards Refugees: A Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Mei Cowling ◽  
Joel Anderson ◽  
Rose Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽  
Systematic Database

This paper meta-analyses the available data on attitudes towards refugees and asylum seekers, with the aim of estimating effect sizes for the relationships between these attitudes and prejudice-relevant correlates. Seventy studies (Ntotal = 13,720) were located using systematic database searches and calls for unpublished data. In the case of demographic factors, being male, religious, nationally identified, politically conservative, and less educated were associated with negative attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.11, 0.17, 0.18, 0.21, & -0.16, respectively). For ideological factors, increases in right-wing authoritarianism and social-dominance orientations correlated with negative attitudes, while the endorsement of macro (but not micro) justice principles were associated with positive attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.50, 0.50, -0.29, & 0.00 respectively). Perceptions of refugees as symbolic and realistic threats were the strongest correlates of negative attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.98, & 1.11, respectively). These findings have contributed to the growing body of knowledge that endeavors to understand the antecedents of refugee-specific prejudice, and are discussed in light of the global refugee crisis.

Power-Enhanced Funnel Plots for Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kossmeier ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran ◽  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Funnel Plot ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Funnel Plots ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. Currently, dedicated graphical displays to depict study-level statistical power in the context of meta-analysis are unavailable. Here, we introduce the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot to visualize this relevant information for assessing the credibility, or evidential value, of a set of studies. The sunset funnel plot highlights the statistical power of primary studies to detect an underlying true effect of interest in the well-known funnel display with color-coded power regions and a second power axis. This graphical display allows meta-analysts to incorporate power considerations into classic funnel plot assessments of small-study effects. Nominally significant, but low-powered, studies might be seen as less credible and as more likely being affected by selective reporting. We exemplify the application of the sunset funnel plot with two published meta-analyses from medicine and psychology. Software to create this variation of the funnel plot is provided via a tailored R function. In conclusion, the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot is a novel and useful graphical display to critically examine and to present study-level power in the context of meta-analysis.

scholarly journals A network meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for refugees and asylum seekers with PTSD

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. e005029
Author(s):  
Giulia Turrini ◽  
Federico Tedeschi ◽  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Cinzia Del Giovane ◽  
Ahlke Kip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

IntroductionRefugees and asylum seekers are vulnerable to common mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Using a network meta-analysis (NMA) approach, the present systematic review compared and ranked psychosocial interventions for the treatment of PTSD in adult refugees and asylum seekers.MethodsRandomised studies of psychosocial interventions for adult refugees and asylum seekers with PTSD were systematically identified. PTSD symptoms at postintervention was the primary outcome. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and ORs were pooled using pairwise and NMA. Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) tool, and certainty of evidence was assessed through the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis application.ResultsA total of 23 studies with 2308 participants were included. Sixteen studies were conducted in high-income countries, and seven in low-income or middle-income countries. Most studies were at low risk of bias according to the Cochrane RoB tool. NMA on PTSD symptoms showed that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (SMD=−1.41; 95% CI −2.43 to −0.38) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) (SMD=−1.30; 95% CI −2.40 to −0.20) were significantly more effective than waitlist (WL). CBT was also associated with a higher decrease in PTSD symptoms than treatment as usual (TAU) (SMD −1.51; 95% CI −2.67 to −0.36). For all other interventions, the difference with WL and TAU was not significant. CBT and EMDR ranked best according to the mean surface under the cumulative ranking. Regarding acceptability, no intervention had less dropouts than inactive interventions.ConclusionCBT and EMDR appeared to have the greatest effects in reducing PTSD symptoms in asylum seekers and refugees. This evidence should be considered in guidelines and implementation packages to facilitate dissemination and uptake in refugee settings.

scholarly journals Predictability of rotational tooth movement with orthodontic aligners comparing software-based and achieved data: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 146531252110272
Author(s):  
Despina Koletsi ◽  
Anna Iliadi ◽  
Theodore Eliades
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Enamel Reduction

Objective: To evaluate all available evidence on the prediction of rotational tooth movements with aligners. Data sources: Seven databases of published and unpublished literature were searched up to 4 August 2020 for eligible studies. Data selection: Studies were deemed eligible if they included evaluation of rotational tooth movement with any type of aligner, through the comparison of software-based and actually achieved data after patient treatment. Data extraction and data synthesis: Data extraction was done independently and in duplicate and risk of bias assessment was performed with the use of the QUADAS-2 tool. Random effects meta-analyses with effect sizes and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed and the quality of the evidence was assessed through GRADE. Results: Seven articles were included in the qualitative synthesis, of which three contributed to meta-analyses. Overall results revealed a non-accurate prediction of the outcome for the software-based data, irrespective of the use of attachments or interproximal enamel reduction (IPR). Maxillary canines demonstrated the lowest percentage accuracy for rotational tooth movement (three studies: effect size = 47.9%; 95% CI = 27.2–69.5; P < 0.001), although high levels of heterogeneity were identified (I2: 86.9%; P < 0.001). Contrary, mandibular incisors presented the highest percentage accuracy for predicted rotational movement (two studies: effect size = 70.7%; 95% CI = 58.9–82.5; P < 0.001; I2: 0.0%; P = 0.48). Risk of bias was unclear to low overall, while quality of the evidence ranged from low to moderate. Conclusion: Allowing for all identified caveats, prediction of rotational tooth movements with aligner treatment does not appear accurate, especially for canines. Careful selection of patients and malocclusions for aligner treatment decisions remain challenging.

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