evidential value
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Author(s):  
Stephen L. Murphy ◽  
Richard P. Steel

AbstractExtant literature consistently demonstrates the level of self-determination individuals experience or demonstrate during an activity can be primed. However, considering most of this literature comes from a period wherein p-hacking was prevalent (pre-2015), it may be that these effects reflect false positives. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether published literature showing autonomous and controlling motivation priming effects contain evidential value or not. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant priming research, while set rules determined which effects from each study would be used in p-curve analysis. Two p-curves including 33 effects each were constructed. P-curve analyses, even after excluding surprising effects (e.g., effects large in magnitude), demonstrated that literature showing autonomous and controlling motivation priming effects contained evidential value. The present findings support prior literature suggesting the effects of autonomous and controlling motivation primes exist at the population level. They also reduce (but do not eliminate) concerns from broader psychology that p-hacking may underlie reported effects.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Adrienne Robles Manalili

Several research methods have been developed with an aim to uncover the underlying cognitive andneural mechanisms behind child language acquisition. While these methods continue to generatepromising empirical evidence, language researchers need to carefully examine the evidential valueand limitations of findings that were derived from these methods before building on them. Similarly,language practitioners (e.g., speech-language pathologists/therapists, teachers) need to be aware thatwhile these methods may form or resemble the foundations of language assessment and interventionpractices (Seiger-Gardner & Almodovar, 2017; Deevy, 2017), no single paradigm cancomprehensively account for the multifaceted nature of “typical” and “atypical” languagedevelopment that we see in real-world settings, especially in multilingual contexts. If such is the case,how can we utilise the evidence that these methods generate in practical and clinical settings? Toanswer this question, this paper reviews and evaluates select language acquisition research methodsbased on the following criteria: (1) ecological validity of stimuli, (2) sensitivity of cognitive-linguisticmeasure, (3) suitability of comparison groups, (4) procedural suitability, (5) precision of responseclassification, (6) communicative sense (Ambridge & Rowland, 2013), and (7) practical implications(e.g., evidential value for bi/multilingual populations and in practitioner settings).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Charlton ◽  
Amanda Kay Montoya ◽  
John Price ◽  
Joseph Hilgard

Mediation analysis plays a central role in marketing research due to its usefulness in helping to explain complex processes. Like other forms of inference, mediation analyses are susceptible to false positive results. This is particularly true when analytic decisions are based on the data, rather than a priori hypotheses. To assess the collective evidential value of mediation analyses in marketing, we used an approach first implemented by Götz and colleagues (2021) that (1) measures the relative proximity of confidence intervals to zero (RP) and (2) aggregates a related set of RP scores into a single distribution. For our analysis, we compared the RP distribution of top marketing journals (2018-20) to simulations of low power, adequate power, and null effects. We also compared the marketing journals to real-world data from Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP) (2018-20). We found that, in terms of evidential value, mediation analyses in marketing substantially deviated from simulations of adequate power and JPSP but were similar to simulations of low power and null effects. We propose study preregistration, corrections for multiple testing, and increased statistical power as solutions to increase evidence quality going forward.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Adrienne Robles Manalili

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that language difficulties co-occur with social,emotional, and behavioural (SEB) difficulties in children (see St Clair et al., 2011; Levickis et al., 2018).However, the research literature has not yet uncovered the direct causal mechanisms behind this cooccurrence.To illustrate this, I will begin with an overview of key emotion theories that the existingco-occurrence studies have missed. I will then examine relevant language and emotion developmentresearch on the basis of (1) theoretical framework, (2) methodological rigour, (3) ecological validity ofprocedures, and (4) evidential value to real-world educational and clinical contexts. Finally, I willconclude with my reflection on the causality between language difficulties and SEB difficulties inchildren. To respect the preference of the communities I represent, I will use identity-first andemancipatory language (American Psychological Association, 2019; Bottema-Beutel et al., 2020; TheAlliance for Inclusive Education, 2021) wherever applicable throughout this paper.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Alexander ◽  
James A Green

Purpose: This research examined the evidential value of research in Speech, Language, and Hearing (SLH), and the extent to which there is publication bias in reported findings. We also looked at the prevalence of good research practices, including those that work to minimize publication bias.Method: We extracted statistical results from 51 articles reported in four meta-analyses. These were there analyzed with two recent tests for evidential value and publication bias —the p-curve and the Z-curve. These articles were also coded for pre-registration, data access statements, and whether they were replication studies. Results: P-curves were right-skewed indicating evidential value, ruling out selective reporting as the sole reason for the significant findings. The Z-curve similarly found evidential value but detected a relative absence of null results, suggesting there is some publication bias. No studies were pre-registered, no studies had a data access statement, and no studies were full replication studies (3 studies were partial replications).Conclusions: Findings indicate SLH research has evidential value. This means that decision-makers and clinicians can continue to rely on the SLH research evidence base to influence service and clinical decisions. However, the presence of publication bias means that meta-analytic estimates of effectiveness may be exaggerated. Thus, we encourage SLH researchers to engage in study pre-registration, make result data accessible, conduct replication studies, and document null findings.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Durrotus Sunniyyah

AbstractForensic taphonomy is a branch of forensic science which in its application uses processes related to the decomposition of corpses and uses soil evidence to estimate post-mortem interval (PMI) or post burial. Soil has evidential value because it contains minerals, plants and animal materials that are useful for characterization. This research was conducted by analyzing soil characteristics, namely soil pH and soil moisture and total nitrogen content in soil samples taken from under rabbit carcasses that were placed on the soil surface, buried 25 cm and 50 cm at each decomposition stage. The results obtained showed significant differences at each stage of decomposition and laying of the carcasses.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Faulkenberry

Summary In Bayesian hypothesis testing, evidence for a statistical model is quantified by the Bayes factor, which represents the relative likelihood of observed data under that model compared to another competing model. In general, computing Bayes factors is difficult, as computing the marginal likelihood of data under a given model requires integrating over a prior distribution of model parameters. In this paper, I capitalize on a particular choice of prior distribution that allows the Bayes factor to be expressed without integral representation, and I develop a simple formula – the Pearson Bayes factor – that requires only minimal summary statistics as commonly reported in scientific papers, such as the t or F score and the degrees of freedom. In addition to presenting this new result, I provide several examples of its use and report a simulation study validating its performance. Importantly, the Pearson Bayes factor gives applied researchers the ability to compute exact Bayes factors from minimal summary data, and thus easily assess the evidential value of any data for which these summary statistics are provided, even when the original data is not available.


Author(s):  
M.ª Josefa Ridaura Martínez

Este trabajo tiene como objeto el análisis de la obtención de información por parte de los agentes privados de investigación; esto es los detectives privados, habilitados por la ley para el ejercicio de dicha profesión. Afrontaremos cómo puede realizarse dicha investigación, cómo ha de obtenerse, y, en último término, qué alcance puede tener; esto es, cuáles pueden ser sus consecuencias, y qué valor probatorio pueden tener sus informes en el marco de un proceso. Todo ello con el propósito de enmarcar la investigación privada en las exigencias derivadas del texto constitucional de respeto de los derechos fundamentales, partiendo de su eficacia tanto vertical, como horizontal; ya que la actuación de los detectives, cada vez más demandada, incide sobre derechos que son nucleares, señaladamente, la protección del domicilio, el secreto de las comunicaciones, así como los derechos al honor, a la intimidad, a la propia imagen, y a la protección de datos de carácter personal.The purpose of this work is the analysis of the information obtained by private investigation agents; that is, private detectives, who are authorized by law to practice this profession. It analyses how such an investigation can be carried out, how it must be obtained, and, ultimately, what scope it can have; that is, what the consequences can be, and what evidential value their reports can have in the framework of a process. All this with the purpose of framing the private investigation in the demands derived from the constitutional text of respect of the fundamental rights, starting from its effectiveness so much vertical, as horizontal; taking into account that the action of the detectives, more and more demanded, affects rights that are nuclear, notably, the protection of the domicile, the secret of the communications, as well as the rights to the honour, to the intimacy, to the own image, and data protection.


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