The Healing of Bone Defects by Cell-Free and Stem Cell-Seeded 3D Printed PLA Tissue Engineered Scaffolds

Abstract One of the main issues in bone tissue engineering is to realize the response of the host to the engineered scaffolds. In this paper, the in-vivo healing of critical-sized bony defects by cell-free and stem cell-seeded 3D printed PLA scaffolds was studied in rat calvaria bone. First, the scaffolds were 3D printed based on a designed computer model and half of them were seeded by with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The SEM images of the surfaces of PLA and PLA+Cell scaffolds were taken for morphological analysis. All the scaffolds were implanted in the defect sites of rat calvaria bones and histological analysis was conducted after 8 and 12 weeks. The results showed that both cell-free and stem cell-seeded scaffolds exhibited superb healing compared with the empty defect controls. The histological observation revealed the formation of both new bone and connective tissues in the healing site after 8 and 12 weeks, postoperatively. The bone cells including osteoblasts and osteocytes with lacuna were also observed. The higher filled area and the higher bone formation and bone maturation were observed after 12 weeks and in particular for PLA+Cell scaffolds. Furthermore, the systemic toxicity evaluation of the scaffolds using ALT and AST tests reject any toxicity for both cell-free and stem cell-seeded scaffolds. It can be concluded that the 3D printed PLA scaffold with BMSCs seeding has well osteogenic potential to be used for bone defect healing.

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3D Printed Hydrogels with Aligned Microchannels to Guide Neural Stem Cell Migration

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering ◽

10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01619 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 690-700

Author(s):

Cui Li ◽

Mitchell Kuss ◽

Yunfan Kong ◽

Fujiao Nie ◽

Xiaoyan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Migration ◽

Neural Stem Cell ◽

Stem Cell Migration ◽

3D Printed

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3D printed Ti6Al4V implant surface promotes bone maturation and retains a higher density of less aged osteocytes at the bone-implant interface

Acta Biomaterialia ◽

10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 357-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

Furqan A. Shah ◽

Anders Snis ◽

Aleksandar Matic ◽

Peter Thomsen ◽

Anders Palmquist

Keyword(s):

Bone Maturation ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Bone Implant ◽

3D Printed

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Generation of functional human pancreatic organoids by transplants of embryonic stem cell derivatives in a 3D‐printed tissue trapper

Journal of Cellular Physiology ◽

10.1002/jcp.27644 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 234 (6) ◽

pp. 9564-9576 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anahita Soltanian ◽

Zahra Ghezelayagh ◽

Zahra Mazidi ◽

Majid Halvaei ◽

Soura Mardpour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Embryonic Stem Cell ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

3D Printed

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When size matters: differences in demineralized bone matrix particles affect collagen structure, mesenchymal stem cell behavior, and osteogenic potential

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A ◽

10.1002/jbm.a.35975 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 1019-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

B. Dozza ◽

I. G. Lesci ◽

S. Duchi ◽

E. Della Bella ◽

L. Martini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽

Demineralized Bone Matrix ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Osteogenic Potential ◽

Cell Behavior ◽

Collagen Structure ◽

Demineralized Bone

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Surface Decoration of Redox-Modulating Nanoceria on 3D-Printed Tissue Scaffolds Promotes Stem Cell Osteogenesis and Attenuates Bacterial Colonization

Biomacromolecules ◽

10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01235 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sagar Nilawar ◽

Kaushik Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Tissue Scaffolds ◽

3D Printed ◽

Surface Decoration

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Implantation of nano bioglass scaffold enhanced with mesenchymal stem cell in rat calvaria

Journal of Tissue Science & Engineering ◽

10.4172/2157-7552.s1.012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol s2 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Afsaneh Amiri

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽

Rat Calvaria

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Porous polylactic acid scaffolds for bone regeneration: A study of additively manufactured triply periodic minimal surfaces and their osteogenic potential

Journal of Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1177/2041731420956541 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 204173142095654

Author(s):

Anna Diez-Escudero ◽

Hugo Harlin ◽

Per Isaksson ◽

Cecilia Persson

Keyword(s):

Polylactic Acid ◽

Cancellous Bone ◽

Minimal Surfaces ◽

Pore Distribution ◽

Osteogenic Potential ◽

Osteoblastic Cell ◽

Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces ◽

Triply Periodic ◽

3D Printed ◽

Grade Material

Three different triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) with three levels of porosity within those of cancellous bone were investigated as potential bone scaffolds. TPMS have emerged as potential designs to resemble the complex mechanical and mass transport properties of bone. Diamond, Schwarz, and Gyroid structures were 3D printed in polylactic acid, a resorbable medical grade material. The 3D printed structures were investigated for printing feasibility, and assessed by morphometric studies. Mechanical properties and permeability investigations resulted in similar values to cancellous bone. The morphometric analyses showed three different patterns of pore distribution: mono-, bi-, and multimodal pores. Subsequently, biological activity investigated with pre-osteoblastic cell lines showed no signs of cytotoxicity, and the scaffolds supported cell proliferation up to 3 weeks. Cell differentiation investigated by alkaline phosphatase showed an improvement for higher porosities and multimodal pore distributions, suggesting a higher dependency on pore distribution and size than the level of interconnectivity.

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Methods of Cryoprotectant Preservation: Allogeneic Cellular Bone Grafts and Potential Effects

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/5025398 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

W. Blake Martin ◽

Renaud Sicard ◽

Shabnam M. Namin ◽

Timothy Ganey

Keyword(s):

Bone Grafting ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Osteogenic Potential ◽

Fusion Procedure ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Local Bone ◽

Surgical Fusion ◽

Cellular Bone ◽

Autologous Grafts

Debridement of the bone surface during a surgical fusion procedure initiates an injury response promoting a healing cascade of molecular mediators released over time. Autologous grafts offer natural scaffolding to fill the bone void and to provide local bone cells. Commercial bone grafting products such as allografts, synthetic bone mineral products, etc., are used to supplement or to replace autologous grafts by supporting osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, and osteogenesis at the surgical site. To assure osteogenic potential, preservation of allogeneic cells with cryoprotectants has been developed to allow for long-term storage and thus delivery of viable bone cells to the surgical site. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an intracellular cryoprotectant commonly used because it provides good viability of the cells post-thaw. However, there is known cytotoxicity reported for DMSO when cells are stored above cryogenic temperatures. For most cellular bone graft products, the cryoprotectant is incorporated with the cells into the other mineralized bone and demineralized bone components. During thawing, the DMSO may not be sufficiently removed from allograft products compared to its use in a cell suspension where removal by washing and centrifugation is available. Therefore, both the allogeneic cell types in the bone grafting product and the local cell types at the bone grafting site could be affected as cytotoxicity varies by cell type and by DMSO content according to reported studies. Overcoming cytotoxicity may be an additional challenge in the formation of bone at a wound or surgical site. Other extracellular cryoprotectants have been explored as alternatives to DMSO which preserve without entering the cell membrane, thereby providing good cellular viability post-thaw and might abrogate the cytotoxicity concerns.

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