scholarly journals Collective Intelligence Under a Volatile Task Environment: a Behavioral Experiment Using Social Networks and Computer Simulations

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kameda ◽  
Aoi Naito ◽  
Naoki Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Task Environment ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Decentralized Networks ◽  
Collective Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Structural Impacts

Abstract Collective intelligence in our highly-connected world is a topic of interdisciplinary interest. Previous research has demonstrated that social network structures can affect collective intelligence, but the potential network impact is unknown when the task environment is volatile (i.e., optimal behavioral options can change over time), a common situation in modern societies. Here, we report a laboratory experiment in which a total of 250 participants performed a “restless” two-armed bandit task either alone, or collectively in a centralized or decentralized network. Although both network conditions outperformed the solo condition, no sizable performance difference was detected between the centralized and decentralized networks. To understand the absence of network effects, we analyzed participants’ behavior parametrically using an individual choice model. We then conducted exhaustive agent-based simulations to examine how different choice strategies may underlie collective performance in centralized or decentralized networks under volatile or stationary task environments. We found that, compared to the stationary environment, the difference in network structure had a much weaker impact on collective performance under the volatile environment across broad parametric variations. These results suggest that structural impacts of networks on collective intelligence may be constrained by the degree of environmental volatility.

Product Boundaries of the Software Market Within the Context of Competition Policy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Andrey Shastitko ◽  
Alexandr Kurdin ◽  
Anastasiya Morosanova
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Competition Analysis ◽  
Software Market ◽  
The Difference

The article analyses the main features of the intellectual activity results market through the lens of the product boundaries definition. Frequently the pirated copy is not considered as a substitute for original products in legal cases. However, unlicensed computer programs should be included in the product market boundaries regardless of its legal status if the consumer considers them as substitutes. The difference between these types of products (original and pirated) are hidden not in transformation but in transaction characteristics. It is also important to take into consideration the possible complementarity between pirated and original products expressed in the information and network effects. In order to assess the buyers’ choice it is necessary to adjust the methods evaluating product market boundaries prescribed by «The Procedure of market competition analysis» of the Russia’s Federal Antimonopoly Service.

The Multinomial, Multiattribute Logit Choice Model

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Gensch ◽  
Wilfred W. Recker
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Multinomial Logit ◽  
Choice Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multiattribute Choice ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sectional Analysis

The authors argue that for the cross-sectional multiattribute approach to choice modeling, the multinomial logit is theoretically and empirically superior to the more commonly used regression approach. Other choice methodologies also are discussed briefly in relation to logit. The difference between individual level (where regression is appropriate) and cross-sectional analysis is recognized. Most marketing managers, because of their research goals, will be using a cross-sectional approach. The derivation of the logit from an underlying behavioral model of choice is illustrated. It is this underlying behavioral model of choice that provides logit with several conceptual advantages for modeling a multiattribute choice structure.

Constructing MDS Joint Spaces from Binary Choice Data: A Multidimensional Unfolding Threshold Model for Marketing Research

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne S. Desarbo ◽  
Donna L. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Space Representation ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Choice Data ◽  
Spatial Choice ◽  
Multidimensional Unfolding ◽  
Dichotomous Variables

The authors present a new multidimensional unfolding methodology that can analyze various types of individual choice data. The model represents choice data, defined by dichotomous variables that indicate whether a particular brand was chosen or not, in terms of a joint space of consumers and brands. Explicit treatment of marketing and subject background variables is allowed through optional model reparameterizations of consumers and brands. Together with the joint space representation of both consumers and brands, these optional reparameterizations can provide information on appropriate market segmentation bases and respective product positioning strategies. The authors apply this spatial choice model to data on consumer (intended) choices for 12 residential communications devices and demonstrate how the results can be used for optimal positioning decisions.

Discrete Choice Elasticities for Elderly and Disabled Travelers Between Fixed-Route Transit and Paratransit

1998 ◽  
Vol 1623 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel P. Franklin ◽  
Debbie A. Niemeier
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mode Choice Modeling ◽  
Significant Factors

In the current practice of mode-choice modeling, models typically focus on the more traditional choices, such as those between automobile, transit, and nonmotorized transportation. For most travelers these are, indeed, the most relevant modes. However, for some segments of the population, particularly the elderly, the choice is more limited. This study investigates the factors that affect the elderly and disabled travelers’ choice between public transit and paratransit. Data collected from the public transit service, Sacramento Regional Transit, and the paratransit service, Paratransit, Inc., in Sacramento, California, were used to develop a mode-choice model and to calculate elasticities of significant factors. Age was found to have an elastic effect, whereas the difference in fare had an inelastic effect.

Optimal Pricing for a Multinomial Logit Choice Model with Network Effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenhao Du ◽  
William L. Cooper ◽  
Zizhuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Multinomial Logit ◽  
Optimal Pricing

scholarly journals Calming Meditation Increases Altruism, Decreases Parochialism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Frost
Keyword(s):  
Model Comparison ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
Shared Practice ◽  
Breath Awareness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

AbstractIt has been proposed that cultivating calm will increase altruism and decrease parochialism, where altruism is defined as self-sacrifice in support of others, regardless of group affiliation or identity, and parochialism is defined as prosocial self-sacrifice restricted to fellow members of a group. Such could be the case with a calming meditation practice. An alternate hypothesis, coming from the study of ritual, proposes that shared practices lead to bonding, increasing parochialism, but not altruism generally. These contradictory hypotheses of the potential effects of shared cultural practices of calming meditation were explored via a formal behavioral experiment using a simple treatment and control format with a short, facilitated breath awareness practice known to produce calm. Altruism and parochialism were measured through anonymous play in Public Goods games performed with both in-group and out-group individuals. The sum of contributions of the two plays gave a measure of altruism, while the difference between the two gave a measure of parochialism. The analysis of the results using Bayesian AICc model comparison methods supports the first hypothesis that calming practices reduces parochialism and increases altruism. The hypothesis of intentional shared practice as parochialism inducing was not supported by the results in this case of a shared calming practice.

Is it Necessary to Relax the IID Assumptions in the Logsum-Based Accessibility Analysis?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Yongnan Yan ◽  
Xiangdong Xu ◽  
Anthony Chen
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Route Choice ◽  
User Equilibrium ◽  
Stochastic User Equilibrium ◽  
Independence Assumption ◽  
Accessibility Analysis ◽  
Project Appraisal ◽  
Transit Accessibility ◽  
Accessibility Evaluation ◽  
The Difference

Accessibility is an important link between transportation and land use. As a typical measure of accessibility, logsum or a utility-based measure has been widely used in project appraisal, urban transit accessibility evaluation, destination choice, and network vulnerability analysis. Since the logsum term is the log of the denominator of the choice probability expression, it inherits the independently and identically distributed (IID) assumptions of the classical multinomial logit (MNL) route choice model. This paper aims to explore whether the IID assumptions have a significant effect on the logsum-based accessibility analysis, given that accessibility analysis focuses at the origin-destination (O-D) level and zonal level (aggregate analysis) rather than at the route level (disaggregate analysis). We derive two new logsum terms for two representative extended logit stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) models, that is, the C-logit model for relaxing the independence assumption and the MNL model with scaling effect (MNLs) for relaxing the identically distributed assumption. The case analysis of a real network in Winnipeg, Canada shows that: (1) there does exist a difference in accessibility evaluation among the three logsum terms using the three route choice models; (2) relaxing the identically distributed assumption is more important than the independence assumption since the difference in accessibility evaluation between MNLs-logsum and MNL-logsum is larger than that between C-logit-logsum and MNL-logsum; (3) the difference in accessibility evaluation at the zonal level is smaller than that at the O-D level; and (4) the difference increases with the dispersion parameter.

An individual choice model of energy mix

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Bousquet ◽  
Marc Ivaldi
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Energy Mix
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