scholarly journals Newton's Third Law in the Framework of Special Relativity for Charged Bodies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Yahalom ◽  
Shailendra Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Electrons And Ions ◽  
Finite Period ◽  
Finite Distance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Third Law ◽  
External Forces

Abstract Newton's third law states that any action is countered by a reaction of equal magnitude but opposite direction. The total force in a system not affected by external forces is thus zero. However, according to the principles of relativity, a signal cannot propagate at speeds exceeding the speed of light. Hence the action and reaction cannot be generated at the same time due to the relativity of simultaneity. Thus, the total force cannot be null at a given time. In a previous paper \cite{MTAY1}, we have shown that Newt\-on'n third law cannot strictly hold in a distributed system, where the different parts are at a finite distance from each other. This is due to the finite speed of signal propagation, which cannot exceed the speed of light in the vacuum. A specific example of two current loops with time dependent currents demonstrated that the summing of the total force in the system does not add up to zero. This analysis led to the suggestion of a relativistic engine \cite{MTAY3,AY1}. As the system is affected by a total force for a finite period, the system acquires mechanical momentum and energy. Now the question then arises how can we accommodate the law of momentum and energy conservation. The subject of momentum conversation was discussed in \cite{MTAY4}, while preliminary results regarding energy conservation were discussed in \cite{AY2,RY,RY2}. Previous analysis relied on the fact that the bodies were macroscopically natural, which means that the number of electrons and ions is equal in every volume element. Here we relax this assumption and study charged bodies, thus analyzing the consequences on a possible electric relativistic engine.

scholarly journals Newton's Third Law in the Framework of Special Relativity for Charged Bodies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Yahalom ◽  
Shailendra Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Electrons And Ions ◽  
Finite Period ◽  
Finite Distance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Third Law ◽  
External Forces

Newton's third law states that any action is countered by a reaction of equal magnitude but opposite direction. The total force in a system not affected by external forces is thus zero. However, according to the principles of relativity, a signal cannot propagate at speeds exceeding the speed of light. Hence the action and reaction cannot be generated at the same time due to the relativity of simultaneity. Thus, the total force cannot be null at a given time. In a previous paper \cite{MTAY1}, we have shown that Newt\-on'n third law cannot strictly hold in a distributed system, where the different parts are at a finite distance from each other. This is due to the finite speed of signal propagation, which cannot exceed the speed of light in the vacuum. A specific example of two current loops with time dependent currents demonstrated that the summing of the total force in the system does not add up to zero. This analysis led to the suggestion of a relativistic engine \cite{MTAY3,AY1}. As the system is affected by a total force for a finite period, the system acquires mechanical momentum and energy. Now the question then arises how can we accommodate the law of momentum and energy conservation. The subject of momentum conversation was discussed in \cite{MTAY4}, while preliminary results regarding energy conservation were discussed in \cite{AY2,RY,RY2}. Previous analysis relied on the fact that the bodies were macroscopically natural, which means that the number of electrons and ions is equal in every volume element. Here we relax this assumption and study charged bodies, thus analyzing the consequences on a possible electric relativistic engine.

scholarly journals Lorentz Symmetry Group, Retardation and Energy Transformations in a Relativistic Engine

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Shailendra Rajput ◽  
Asher Yahalom ◽  
Hong Qin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Momentum Conservation ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Finite Period ◽  
Finite Distance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mechanical Momentum

In a previous paper, we have shown that Newton’s third law cannot strictly hold in a distributed system of which the different parts are at a finite distance from each other. This is due to the finite speed of signal propagation which cannot exceed the speed of light in vacuum, which in turn means that when summing the total force in the system the force does not add up to zero. This was demonstrated in a specific example of two current loops with time dependent currents, the above analysis led to suggestion of a relativistic engine. Since the system is effected by a total force for a finite period of time this means that the system acquires mechanical momentum and energy, the question then arises how can we accommodate the law of momentum and energy conservation. The subject of momentum conservation was discussed in a pervious paper, while preliminary results regarding energy conservation where discussed in some additional papers. Here we give a complete analysis of the exchange of energy between the mechanical part of the relativistic engine and the field part, the energy radiated from the relativistic engine is also discussed. We show that the relativistic engine effect on the energy is 4th-order in 1c and no lower order relativistic engine effect on the energy exists.

scholarly journals Newton’s Third Law in the Framework of Special Relativity for Charged Bodies

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Shailendra Rajput ◽  
Asher Yahalom
Keyword(s):  
Distributed System ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Finite Period ◽  
Finite Distance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Third Law ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Mechanical Momentum ◽  
Different Parts

Newton’s third law states that any action is countered by a reaction of equal magnitude but opposite direction. The total force in a system not affected by external forces is, therefore, zero. However, according to the principles of relativity, a signal cannot propagate at speeds exceeding the speed of light. Hence, the action and reaction cannot be generated at the same time due to the relativity of simultaneity. Thus, the total force cannot be null at a given time. In a previous paper, we showed that Newton’s third law cannot strictly hold in a distributed system where the different parts are at a finite distance from each other. This analysis led to the suggestion of a relativistic engine. As the system is affected by a total force for a finite period, the system acquires mechanical momentum and energy. The subject of momentum conversation was discussed in another previous paper, while energy conservation was discussed in additional previous papers. In those works, we relied on the fact that the bodies were macroscopically natural. Here, we relax this assumption and study charged bodies, thus analyzing the consequences on a possible electric relativistic engine.

Material Engineering and Design of a Relativistic Engine: How to Avoid Radiation Losses

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
Shailendra Rajput ◽  
Asher Yahalom
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Loop Current ◽  
Radiation Losses ◽  
Finite Period ◽  
Finite Distance ◽  
The Subject

In a previous paper [1] we have shown that Newton’s third law cannot strictly hold in a distributed system of which the different parts are at a finite distance from each other. This is due to the finite speed of signal propagation which cannot exceed the speed of light at vacuum, causing the total force in the system to not add up to zero. This was demonstrated in a specific example of two current loops with time dependent currents in at least one of the loops [1], or in one-time dependent loop current and a permanent magnet assembly [2, 3]. A relativistic engine was thus suggested. Since the system is affected by a total force for a finite period of time this means that the system acquires mechanical momentum and energy, the question then arises how to accommodate the law of momentum and energy conservation. The subject of momentum conversation was discussed in [4], while a preliminary discussion of the subject of electric energy conservation is given in [5, 6]. Here we discuss some of the radiation losses associated with the engine and their implications on the energy balance.

scholarly journals On the aberrations of compound lenses and object-glasses

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 146-147
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Considerable Advantage ◽  
Optical Instruments ◽  
Spherical Surfaces ◽  
Finite Distance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Algebraic Investigation ◽  
Difficult Part

To those mathematicians who have investigated the theory of the refracting telescope, it has often, says Mr. Herschel, been objected, that little practical benefit has resulted from their speculations. Although the simplest considerations suffice for correcting that part of the aberration which arises from the different refrangibility of the different coloured rays, yet in the more difficult part of the theory of optical instruments which relates to the correction of the spherical aberration, the necessity of algebraic investigation has always been , acknowledged; although, however, the subject is confessedly within its reach, a variety of causes have interfered with its successful prosecution, and the best artists are content to work their glasses by empirical rules. In the investigations detailed in this paper, the author’s object is, first to present, under a general and uniform analysis, the whole theory of the aberration of spherical surfaces; and then to furnish practical results of easy computation to the artist, and applicable, by the simplest interpolations, to the ordinary materials on which he works. In pursuing these ends he has found it necessary somewhat to alter the usual language employed by optical writers;—thus, instead of speaking of the focal length of lenses, or the radii of their surfaces , he speaks of their powers and curvatures ; designating, by the former expression, the quotient of unity by the number of parts of any scale which the focal length is equal to; and by the latter, the quotient similarly derived from the radius in question. After adverting to some other parts of the subject of this paper, more especially to the problem of the destruction of the spherical aberration in a double or multiple lens, and to the difficulties which it involves, Mr. Herschel observes, that one condition, hitherto unaccountably overlooked, is forced upon our attention by the nature of the formulæ of aberration given in this paper; namely, its destruction not only from parallel rays, but also from rays diverging from a point at any finite distance, and which is required in a perfect telescope for land objects, and is of considerable advantage in those for astronomical use: 1st, The very moderate curvatures required for the surfaces; 2nd, That in this construction the curvatures of the two exterior surfaces of the compound lens of given focal length vary within very narrow limits, by any variation in either the refractive or dispersive powers at all likely to occur in practice; 3rd, That the two interior surfaces always approach so nearly to coincidence, that no considerable practical error can arise from neglecting their difference, and figuring them on tools of equal radii.

The Role of Wind on Double Skin Facades in High Rise Office Building

2013 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 711-716
Author(s):  
Daryanto ◽  
Eko Budihardjo ◽  
Wahyu Setyabudi ◽  
Gagoek Hardiman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Thermal Discomfort ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Double Skin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
Double Skin Facades

There was an indication that high rise buildings in Jakarta was not designed based on energy conservation principles. The most important aspects of the high-rise buildings is energy saving technology located in the building envelope design. Building envelope with a full glass design functions for widening view and enhancing natural lights, even though but it is also increasing energy consumption and thermal discomfort due to the intensity of solar radiation in hot humid climates. During the current decade, the development of double building envelope type (Double Skin Façade: DSF) seemed more just to improve the aesthetics and the use of natural light, while the wind and thermal performance aspects were still lack of serious consideration. Those aspects will be chosen as the subject matter in this research. The research was aimed to investigate and compare the value of heat transfer in the building envelope of high-rise office buildings. Samples were taken from five DSF buildings, with closed and open cavity. CFD software is used for simulation of the five different models of DSF. The research proves that the high-rise office buildings as the research object in Jakarta do not apply energy conservation principle. The utilization of wind in the DSF cavity can reduce temperature and relieve the burden of air conditioning systems that is energy save. An important finding of the research is the need for ventilation in the design of a double skin at high-rise office buildings in the humid tropics.

scholarly journals The duality principle and new forms of the inverse Laplace transform for the analysis of signal propagation in inhomogeneous media with dispersion

2019 ◽  
Vol 489 (6) ◽  
pp. 558-563
Author(s):  
A. G. Pavelyev ◽  
A. A. Pavelyev
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Impulse Response ◽  
Angular Spectrum ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Inhomogeneous Media ◽  
Inverse Laplace Transform ◽  
Duality Principle ◽  
Causality Principle ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Laplace Transform Inversion

New equations for Laplace transform inversion are obtained. The equations satisfy the causality principle. The impulse response of a channel is determined in order to analyze dispersion distortions in inhomogeneous media. The impulse response excludes the possibility that the signal exceeds the speed of light in the medium. The transmission bandwidth, the angular spectrum, and the Doppler shift in the ionosphere are computed.

A Plea for the Earlier Introduction of the Calculus

1912 ◽  
Vol 6 (97) ◽  
pp. 259-279
Author(s):  
C. V. Durell
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
The Subject ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Modern Work

All who are interested in educational matters cannot fail to be conscious of the widespread spirit of unrest that is abroad. The energy of this association and other similar bodies is proof enough of the increased interest in the efforts that are being made to examine and recast, in the light of modern work, the existing forms of secondary education, and to grapple with the new problems created by a changing system of external forces. Criticism within this sphere is as healthy as it is inevitable, just because it secures a careful scrutiny of the grounds for proposed alterations; and it should serve as a safeguard against fantastic and ill-considered developments of methods and ideas that under proper limitations may be both serviceable and stimulating. Any proposal to introduce a new variety of an old subject, and still more an apparently fresh theme, into the curriculum can only lead to beneficial results if a thorough investigation of the principles involved and the purpose in view has first led to a discrimination between the essential and non-essential, the useful and undesirable, elements of the subject.

Investigating Melodic Segmentation through the Temporal Multi-Scaling Framework

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 125-155
Author(s):  
Maja Serman ◽  
Niall J. L. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Sensory Signal ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

In this paper we approach the subject of modelling and understanding segmentation processes in melodic perception using a temporal multi-scale representation framework. We start with the hypothesis that segmentation depends on the ability of the perceptual system to detect changes in the sensory signal. In particular, we are interested in a model of change detection in music perception that would help us to investigate functional aspects of low-level perceptual processes in music and their universality in terms of the general properties of the auditory system. To investigate this hypothesis, we have developed a temporal multi-scale model that mimics the ability of the listener to detect changes in pitch, loudness and timbre when listening to performed melodies. The model is set within the linear scale-space theoretical framework, as developed for image structure analysis but in this case applied to the temporal processing domain. It is structured in such a way as to enable us to verify the assumption that segmentation is influenced by both the dynamics of signal propagation through a neural map and learning and attention factors. Consequently, the model is examined from two perspectives: 1) the computational architecture which models signal propagation is examined for achieving the effects of the universal, inborn aspects of segmentation 2) the model structure capable of influencing choices of segmentation outcomes is explained and some of its effects are examined in view of the known segmentation results. The results of the presented case studies demonstrate that the model accounts for some effects of perceptual organization of the sensory signal and provides a sound basis for analysing different types of changes and coordination across the melodic descriptors in segmentation decisions.

scholarly journals I. On the diurnal variations of the disturbances of the magnetic declination at Lisbon

1876 ◽  
Vol 24 (164-170) ◽  
pp. 373-375
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
The Subject

The Observatory of Infante D. Luiz has possessed since 1863 a set of magnetographs giving continuous records similar to those at Kew. In 1870 the results of the declination magnetograph, from the year 1864 to 1867, were published; and in 1874 the results for the same period of the bifilar and balance magnetographs (results embracing the horizontal force, vertical force, total force, and inclination) were published. At present the results of the declination for 1868 to 1871 are in course of publication. The subject of this short paper is the diurnal variations of the disturbances of the declination. The method which has been adopted for reducing the disturbances is that of Sir Edward Sabine. I have taken ± 2 millimetres, or 2'·26, as the limits, beyond which limits all readings are regarded as disturbed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document