scholarly journals Comparing the Monetary Value of a Quality-Adjusted Life Year from the Payment Card and the Open-ended Format

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziping Ye ◽  
Fuyao Liu ◽  
Jia Ma ◽  
Ziyang Zhou ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
Zero Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equality Test ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Abstract Background: The payment card (PC) format and the open-ended (OE) format are common methods in eliciting willing-to-pay (WTP) of one additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The aim of this research is to compare these two formats in eliciting the monetary value of a QALY.Methods: A contingent valuation survey was carried out using a pre-designed questionnaire with various hypothetical scenarios. The difference between the PC and the OE formats was evaluated by a two-sample equality test. Furthermore, regression analysis was carried out to control observed heterogeneity and to test theoretical validity.Results: In total, 461 individuals were involved, among whom 235 (51%) answered the PC question, while 226 (49%) answered the OE question. Excluding zero response and 1% top values, the mean WTP values of these two formats vary dramatically, which is 93,424 RMB (SD 117,601) for the PC, 143,347 RMB (SD 209,821) for the OE. Subgroup analysis indicated that the OE format tended to elicit lower values for less serious condition and higher values for more serious condition. Both formats were proved to be theoretically valid, whereas the OE technique was found to have a stronger association with most variables in the regression model than that of the PC format. Moreover, joint estimation indicated a significantly positive effect on the OE results.Conclusions: This research indicated that the PC format and OE format elicited different monetary value of a QALY, but both formats were proved to be theoretically valid. More research about the difference and the validity of various WTP eliciting methods would be recommendedfor a robust estimation of WTP/QALY.

scholarly journals Comparing the monetary value of a quality-adjusted life year from the payment card and the open-ended format

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziping Ye ◽  
Fuyao Liu ◽  
Jia Ma ◽  
Ziyang Zhou ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Zero Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equality Test ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Abstract Background The payment card (PC) format and the open-ended (OE) format are common methods in eliciting willingness-to-pay (WTP) of one additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The aim of this research is to compare these two formats in eliciting the monetary value of a QALY. Methods A contingent valuation survey was carried out using a pre-designed questionnaire with various hypothetical scenarios. The difference between the PC and the OE formats was evaluated by a two-sample equality test. Furthermore, generalized linear models were carried out to control observed heterogeneity and to test theoretical validity. Results In total, 461 individuals were involved, among whom 235 (51%) answered the PC question, while 226 (49%) answered the OE question. Excluding zero response, the mean WTP values of these two formats for different scenarios varied dramatically, which was from 13,278 to 280,177 RMB for the PC, 18,119 to 620,913 RMB for the OE. The OE format tended to elicit lower values for less serious condition and higher values for more serious condition. However, equality test of mean and median demonstrated insignificant difference of these two formats for all scenarios. For both OE and PC format, most variables were found to have significant effect on the value of WTP/QALY. Moreover, joint estimation indicated a statistically significant positive effect on the OE results. Further analysis demonstrated that the imbalanced zero response distribution caused the main difference of these two formats. Conclusions This research indicated insignificantly different WTP/QALY estimates of the PC format and OE format with the grouped data whereas significantly higher estimates of the OE format from the pooled data. These two formats were found to be valid. More research about the difference and the validity of various WTP eliciting methods would be recommended for a robust estimation of WTP/QALY.

scholarly journals Comparing the Monetary Value of a Quality-Adjusted Life Year from the Payment Card and the Open-Ended Format

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziping Ye ◽  
Fuyao Liu ◽  
Jia Ma ◽  
Ziyang Zhou ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equality Test ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Abstract Background: The payment card (PC) format and the open-ended (OE) format are common methods in eliciting willing-to-pay (WTP) of one additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The aim of this research is to compare these two formats in eliciting the monetary value of a QALY.Methods: A contingent valuation survey was carried out using a pre-designed questionnaire with various hypothetical scenarios. The difference between the PC and the OE formats was evaluated by a two-sample equality test. Furthermore, regression analysis was carried out to control observed heterogeneity and to test theoretical validity.Results: In total, 461 individuals were involved, among whom 235 (51%) answered the PC question, while 226 (49%) answered the OE question. No significant difference was observed between the median of these two methods. However, in the subgroup analysis, noteworthy differences were noticed in the median for these two formats in all scenarios. Both formats were proved to be theoretically valid, whereas the OE technique was found to have a stronger association with all variables in the regression model than that of the PC format. Moreover, joint estimation indicated a positive but not significant effect on the OE results.Conclusions: This research indicated that there was no statistical difference between the PC format and OE format and proved the validity of both, which justified the combined use of these two methods in eliciting monetary value of QALY. More research about the difference and the validity of various WTP eliciting methods would be needed for a robust estimation of WTP/QALY.

Costs and the cost-effectiveness threshold

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Qaly Threshold ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 19 starts by distinguishing between the two contrasting perspectives that an economic evaluation would take: the healthcare sector perspective versus the societal perspective. The former is considered a ‘narrow analysis’ which includes only the costs accruing within the healthcare sector, while the latter represents a ‘broad analysis’ that accounts for all resource implications in all sectors of the economy. After an investigation into various types of costs, a ‘limited societal perspective’ is suggested to be more appropriate than either of the two ‘extreme perspectives’. The chapter continues with a discussion of the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold and explains the difference between a demand side- versus a supply-side approach to determining a threshold value for a QALY.

P-Removal in Completely Mixed Systems

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 325-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J. G. W. Donker ◽  
P. Opic ◽  
H. P. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Mixed System ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aerobic Reactor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
P Removal

Ca. 60 % of the Dutch activated sludge plants consist of completely mixed systems, experiments have been carried out in completely mixed pilot plants to study the biological P-removal. The research was carried out in two pilot plants. The pilot plants consisted of: anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and a clarifier. All the reactors were completely mixed. Both plants were fed with settled domestic waste water at a sludge loading of 400 and 250 g COD/kg sludge.day respectively. The results are given below:sludge loading (g COD/kg sludge.day)400400250ratio Anaerobic : Anoxic : Aerobic1: 1:2,71:1:4,11:1:2,7P-removal (%)802875N-removal (%)505065COD-removal (%)858585 It has been shown that there is no significant difference between the results at the two different sludge loadings. Remarkable is the difference between the ratio 1:1:2,7 in combination with the internal recirculation flow anoxic-anaerobic of 160 % and the ratio 1:1:4,1 with a recirculation flow of 30 %. During the start-up at a sludge loading of 250 g COD/kg sludge.day and an internal recirculation flow of 30 %, bulking sludge developed almost immediately. The Premoval was completely disturbed. Increasing the internal recirculation flow to 160% had a positive effect on settling properties and P-removal. This investigation has pointed out that a completely mixed system is suitable for biological P-removal, without negatively affecting the nitrification. Important factors in the process are the ratio anaerobic:anoxic:aerobic and the recirculation flows.

Quality of Life and Resource Allocation

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 33-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

A new word has recently entered the British medical vocabulary. What it stands for is neither a disease nor a cure. At least, it is not a cure for a disease in the medical sense. But it could, perhaps, be thought of as an intended cure for a medicosociological disease: namely that of haphazard or otherwise ethically inappropriate allocation of scarce medical resources. What I have in mind is the term ‘QALY’, which is an acronym standing for quality adjusted life year. Just what this means and what it is intended to do I shall explain in due course. Let me first, however, set the scene.

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