scholarly journals Comparing the monetary value of a quality-adjusted life year from the payment card and the open-ended format

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziping Ye ◽  
Fuyao Liu ◽  
Jia Ma ◽  
Ziyang Zhou ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Zero Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equality Test ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Abstract Background The payment card (PC) format and the open-ended (OE) format are common methods in eliciting willingness-to-pay (WTP) of one additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The aim of this research is to compare these two formats in eliciting the monetary value of a QALY. Methods A contingent valuation survey was carried out using a pre-designed questionnaire with various hypothetical scenarios. The difference between the PC and the OE formats was evaluated by a two-sample equality test. Furthermore, generalized linear models were carried out to control observed heterogeneity and to test theoretical validity. Results In total, 461 individuals were involved, among whom 235 (51%) answered the PC question, while 226 (49%) answered the OE question. Excluding zero response, the mean WTP values of these two formats for different scenarios varied dramatically, which was from 13,278 to 280,177 RMB for the PC, 18,119 to 620,913 RMB for the OE. The OE format tended to elicit lower values for less serious condition and higher values for more serious condition. However, equality test of mean and median demonstrated insignificant difference of these two formats for all scenarios. For both OE and PC format, most variables were found to have significant effect on the value of WTP/QALY. Moreover, joint estimation indicated a statistically significant positive effect on the OE results. Further analysis demonstrated that the imbalanced zero response distribution caused the main difference of these two formats. Conclusions This research indicated insignificantly different WTP/QALY estimates of the PC format and OE format with the grouped data whereas significantly higher estimates of the OE format from the pooled data. These two formats were found to be valid. More research about the difference and the validity of various WTP eliciting methods would be recommended for a robust estimation of WTP/QALY.

scholarly journals Comparing the Monetary Value of a Quality-Adjusted Life Year from the Payment Card and the Open-ended Format

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziping Ye ◽  
Fuyao Liu ◽  
Jia Ma ◽  
Ziyang Zhou ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
Zero Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equality Test ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Abstract Background: The payment card (PC) format and the open-ended (OE) format are common methods in eliciting willing-to-pay (WTP) of one additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The aim of this research is to compare these two formats in eliciting the monetary value of a QALY.Methods: A contingent valuation survey was carried out using a pre-designed questionnaire with various hypothetical scenarios. The difference between the PC and the OE formats was evaluated by a two-sample equality test. Furthermore, regression analysis was carried out to control observed heterogeneity and to test theoretical validity.Results: In total, 461 individuals were involved, among whom 235 (51%) answered the PC question, while 226 (49%) answered the OE question. Excluding zero response and 1% top values, the mean WTP values of these two formats vary dramatically, which is 93,424 RMB (SD 117,601) for the PC, 143,347 RMB (SD 209,821) for the OE. Subgroup analysis indicated that the OE format tended to elicit lower values for less serious condition and higher values for more serious condition. Both formats were proved to be theoretically valid, whereas the OE technique was found to have a stronger association with most variables in the regression model than that of the PC format. Moreover, joint estimation indicated a significantly positive effect on the OE results.Conclusions: This research indicated that the PC format and OE format elicited different monetary value of a QALY, but both formats were proved to be theoretically valid. More research about the difference and the validity of various WTP eliciting methods would be recommendedfor a robust estimation of WTP/QALY.

scholarly journals Comparing the Monetary Value of a Quality-Adjusted Life Year from the Payment Card and the Open-Ended Format

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziping Ye ◽  
Fuyao Liu ◽  
Jia Ma ◽  
Ziyang Zhou ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equality Test ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Abstract Background: The payment card (PC) format and the open-ended (OE) format are common methods in eliciting willing-to-pay (WTP) of one additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The aim of this research is to compare these two formats in eliciting the monetary value of a QALY.Methods: A contingent valuation survey was carried out using a pre-designed questionnaire with various hypothetical scenarios. The difference between the PC and the OE formats was evaluated by a two-sample equality test. Furthermore, regression analysis was carried out to control observed heterogeneity and to test theoretical validity.Results: In total, 461 individuals were involved, among whom 235 (51%) answered the PC question, while 226 (49%) answered the OE question. No significant difference was observed between the median of these two methods. However, in the subgroup analysis, noteworthy differences were noticed in the median for these two formats in all scenarios. Both formats were proved to be theoretically valid, whereas the OE technique was found to have a stronger association with all variables in the regression model than that of the PC format. Moreover, joint estimation indicated a positive but not significant effect on the OE results.Conclusions: This research indicated that there was no statistical difference between the PC format and OE format and proved the validity of both, which justified the combined use of these two methods in eliciting monetary value of QALY. More research about the difference and the validity of various WTP eliciting methods would be needed for a robust estimation of WTP/QALY.

Costs and the cost-effectiveness threshold

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Qaly Threshold ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Effectiveness Threshold ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 19 starts by distinguishing between the two contrasting perspectives that an economic evaluation would take: the healthcare sector perspective versus the societal perspective. The former is considered a ‘narrow analysis’ which includes only the costs accruing within the healthcare sector, while the latter represents a ‘broad analysis’ that accounts for all resource implications in all sectors of the economy. After an investigation into various types of costs, a ‘limited societal perspective’ is suggested to be more appropriate than either of the two ‘extreme perspectives’. The chapter continues with a discussion of the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold and explains the difference between a demand side- versus a supply-side approach to determining a threshold value for a QALY.

Study on Association between Height, Weight, Iodine Supplementation and Thyroid Volume

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Lanchun Liu ◽  
Lixiang Liu ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Yang Du ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Random Pairing ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The policy of Universal Salt Iodization (USI) could reduce population’s thyroid volume (TVOL) in iodine deficiency areas. Conversely, the improved growth and developmental status of children might increase the TVOL accordingly. Whether the decreased TVOL by USI conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between height, weight, iodine supplementation and TVOL. Five national Iodine Deficiency Disorder surveys were matched into four pairs according to the purpose of analysis. County-level data of both detected by paired surveys were incorporated, 1: 1 random pairing method was used to match counties or individuals. The difference of TVOL between different height, weight, different iodine supplementation measures groups and the association between TVOL and them were studied. The mean height and weight of children aged 8-10 years increased from 129.9cm and 26.9kg in 2002 to 136.2cm and 32.1kg in 2019; while the median TVOL decreased from 3.10ml to 2.61ml. Iodine supplementation measures can affect TVOL; after exclude iodine effects, the median TVOL was increased with the height and weight. On the other side, after excluding the influence of height and weight, the median TVOL remained decreased. Only age, weight and salt iodine were significant associated with TVOL in multiple linear models. Development of height and weight in children is the evidence of improved nutrition. The decreased TVOL caused by iodized salt measures conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL. Age, weight, and salt iodine affect TVOL significantly.

Increased MRI-based cortical grey/white-matter contrast in sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1971-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Jørgensen ◽  
S. Nerland ◽  
L. B. Norbom ◽  
N. T. Doan ◽  
R. Nesvåg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Medication Dose ◽  
Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

BackgroundSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic risk factors and one possible illness mechanism is abnormal myelination. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tissue intensities are sensitive to myelin content. Therefore, the contrast between grey- and white-matter intensities may reflect myelination along the cortical surface.MethodMRI images were obtained from patients with schizophrenia (n = 214), bipolar disorder (n = 185), and healthy controls (n = 278) and processed in FreeSurfer. The grey/white-matter contrast was computed at each vertex as the difference between average grey-matter intensity (sampled 0–60% into the cortical ribbon) and average white-matter intensity (sampled 0–1.5 mm into subcortical white matter), normalized by their average. Group differences were tested using linear models covarying for age and sex.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia had increased contrast compared to controls bilaterally in the post- and precentral gyri, the transverse temporal gyri and posterior insulae, and in parieto-occipital regions. In bipolar disorder, increased contrast was primarily localized in the left precentral gyrus. There were no significant differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Findings of increased contrast remained after adjusting for cortical area, thickness, and gyrification. We found no association with antipsychotic medication dose.ConclusionsIncreased contrast was found in highly myelinated low-level sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia, and to a lesser extent in bipolar disorder. We propose that these findings indicate reduced intracortical myelin. In accordance with the corollary discharge hypothesis, this could cause disinhibition of sensory input, resulting in distorted perceptual processing leading to the characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

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