The Persistent Association Between Exposure to Intimate Partner Physical Violence and Current Cigarette Smoking Among Women in Papua New Guinea: A Modified Poisson Regression Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Peprah ◽  
Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah Asare ◽  
Williams Agyemang-Duah ◽  
Parul Puri ◽  
Deborah Odunayo Ogundare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Cigarette ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Intimate Partner Physical Violence

Abstract Background: Intimate partner physical violence (IPPV) is a preventable public health threat associated with health deteriorating lifestyles such as cigarette smoking. However, limited research has focused on the association between IPPV and cigarette smoking among women in unions in low-and middle-income countries like Papua New Guinea (PNG). The aim of this study was to examine the association between IPPV and current cigarette smoking using a nationally representative sample. Methods: We utilized 2016-2018 PNG Demographic and Health Survey data of 9,943 women aged 15-49 years who were in intimate unions. We estimated the direct risk of smoking cigarette using modified Poisson regression models with a robust variance relative risk and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cigarette smoking. Results: Among the total participants, the prevalence of IPPV was 52.4% and smoking cigarette in the last 24 hours was 25.1%. The modified Poisson regression results indicated a robust and persistent association between IPPV and cigarette smoking among women in unions both in the absence and presence of covariates. The risk of smoking cigarette was significantly elevated among those who reported a history of IPPV relative to their counterparts with no physical violence history (IRR: 1.35, 95%CI: 1.20-1.52) in the absence of covariates. After controlling for demographic, social and economic variables, the association between IPPV and cigarette smoking persisted (IRR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.08-1.41). Conclusions: The present study provides strong evidence to indicate a robust and persistent association between IPPV and current cigarette smoking among women in unions. Interventions aimed at addressing IPPV among women in unions in PNG to reduce the increased risk of cigarette smoking are needed.

scholarly journals Gender-based violence in Bougainville: Stories of change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viktoria Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender Based

<p>Gender-based violence throughout Papua New Guinea is a well documented concern across disciplines. Within the field of development, gender-based violence is not only seen as a human rights breach, but it is widely accepted that violence exacerbates poverty, and that poverty exacerbates violence. Women are particularly affected by this cyclic nature of violence. Despite numerous initiatives from development actors, the Papua New Guinean government and local agencies, the rate of violence has not shifted in the past two decades (Ganster-Breidler, 2010). Similarly, in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, reports state that the rate of violence against women is extremely high. A United Nations study from 2013 showed that over 60 per cent of Bougainville men surveyed had committed rape at some point in their lives, and that physical violence was equally prevalent (Fulu et al., 2013).   In response to these worrisome reports, I began to wonder what can be done to address gender-based violence. What has been successful in the past and what can we learn from those who have firsthand experience of intimate partner violence?   The research addressed these types of problems through the use of 18 interviews conducted with men and women; including former perpetrators of intimate partner violence and survivors. The study was further strengthened by my observations from working at Buka Family Support Centre, a service in Bougainville that cares for survivors of gender-based violence.   I frame this research within feminist and poststructural ways of knowing. It is influenced by a four-tiered conceptual model that considers external and internal influences on individual actions. The analysis was inspired by Foucault’s discourse analysis (Foucault, 1979, 1984) and I pay special attention to dominant and discriminatory discourses and the resistance to these.   In summary, this study offers intimate and detailed stories of change. It reveals that the participants primarily referred to positive change as an absence of physical violence and not necessarily other forms of gender-based violence. The study also shows that the survivors’ resisted violence throughout the abusive period, and those who eventually chose to divorce only did so because of concerns over safety.   The stories are anchored to lived experiences, and the conclusion and recommendations that flow from this qualitative study contribute to knowledge of what works when trying to end violence within an intimate partnership in Bougainville.</p>

scholarly journals Country and gender differences in the association between violence and cigarette smoking among youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh ◽  
Ethel Alderete ◽  
Abdullatif Husseini ◽  
Jennifer Livaudais-Toman ◽  
Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Exposure to violence in youth may be associated with substance use and other adverse health effects. This study examined cigarette smoking in two middle-income areas with different levels and types of exposure to violence. Methods Association of exposure to verbal and physical violence with cigarette smoking in the West Bank oPt (2008) and in Jujuy Argentina (2006) was examined using cross-sectional surveys of 14 to 17-year old youth in 7th to 10th grade using probabilistic sampling. Results Violence exposure rates were more than double for Palestinian girls (99.6% vs. 41.2%) and boys (98.7% vs. 41.1%) compared with Argentinians. The rate of current cigarette smoking was significantly higher among Argentinian girls compared with Palestinian girls (33.1% vs. 7.1%, p < 0.001). Exposure to verbal violence from family and to physical violence increased the odds of current cigarette smoking, respectively, among Argentinian girls (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7; aOR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.7–3.8), Palestinian girls (aOR 2.2, 95%CI = 1.1–2.4; aOR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.1–3.6) and Argentinian boys (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI = 1.1–2.0; aOR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.6–3.0), but not among Palestinian boys. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of producing context and gender specific evidence from exposure to violence, to inform and increase the impact of targeted smoking prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Gender-based violence in Bougainville: Stories of change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viktoria Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender Based

<p>Gender-based violence throughout Papua New Guinea is a well documented concern across disciplines. Within the field of development, gender-based violence is not only seen as a human rights breach, but it is widely accepted that violence exacerbates poverty, and that poverty exacerbates violence. Women are particularly affected by this cyclic nature of violence. Despite numerous initiatives from development actors, the Papua New Guinean government and local agencies, the rate of violence has not shifted in the past two decades (Ganster-Breidler, 2010). Similarly, in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, reports state that the rate of violence against women is extremely high. A United Nations study from 2013 showed that over 60 per cent of Bougainville men surveyed had committed rape at some point in their lives, and that physical violence was equally prevalent (Fulu et al., 2013).   In response to these worrisome reports, I began to wonder what can be done to address gender-based violence. What has been successful in the past and what can we learn from those who have firsthand experience of intimate partner violence?   The research addressed these types of problems through the use of 18 interviews conducted with men and women; including former perpetrators of intimate partner violence and survivors. The study was further strengthened by my observations from working at Buka Family Support Centre, a service in Bougainville that cares for survivors of gender-based violence.   I frame this research within feminist and poststructural ways of knowing. It is influenced by a four-tiered conceptual model that considers external and internal influences on individual actions. The analysis was inspired by Foucault’s discourse analysis (Foucault, 1979, 1984) and I pay special attention to dominant and discriminatory discourses and the resistance to these.   In summary, this study offers intimate and detailed stories of change. It reveals that the participants primarily referred to positive change as an absence of physical violence and not necessarily other forms of gender-based violence. The study also shows that the survivors’ resisted violence throughout the abusive period, and those who eventually chose to divorce only did so because of concerns over safety.   The stories are anchored to lived experiences, and the conclusion and recommendations that flow from this qualitative study contribute to knowledge of what works when trying to end violence within an intimate partnership in Bougainville.</p>

scholarly journals Country and Gender Differences in the Association between Violence and Cigarette Smoking Among Youth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh ◽  
Ethel Alderete ◽  
Abdullatif Husseini ◽  
Jennifer Livaudais-Toman ◽  
Eliseo J Perez-Stable
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Exposure to violence in youth may be associated with substance use and other adverse health effects. This study examined cigarette smoking in two middle-income areas with different levels and types of exposure to violence. Methods: Association of exposure to verbal and physical violence with cigarette smoking in the West Bank oPt (2008) and in Jujuy Argentina (2006) was examined using cross-sectional surveys of 14 to 17-year old youth in 7th to 10th grade using probabilistic sampling. Results: Violence exposure rates were more than double for Palestinian girls (99.6% vs. 41.2%) and boys (98.7% vs. 41.1%) compared with Argentinians. The rate of current cigarette smoking was significantly higher among Argentinian girls compared with Palestinian girls (33.1% vs. 7.1%, p<0.001). Exposure to verbal violence from family and to physical violence increased the odds of current cigarette smoking, respectively, among Argentinian girls (aOR=1.3, 95% CI=1.0-1.7; aOR=2.5, 95%CI=1.7-3.8), Palestinian girls (aOR 2.2, 95%CI= 1.1-2.4; aOR=2.0, 95%CI=1.1-3.6) and Argentinian boys (aOR=1.5, 95%CI=1.1-2.0; aOR=2.2, 95%CI=1.6-3.0), but not among Palestinian boys.Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of producing context and gender specific evidence from exposure to violence, to inform and increase the impact of targeted smoking prevention strategies.

Perpetration of Violence by Female Sex Workers in Papua New Guinea: ‘We will Crush their Bones’

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-122
Author(s):  
Angela Kelly-Hanku ◽  
H Worth ◽  
M Redman-MacLaren ◽  
S Nosi ◽  
R Boli-Neo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract There is a small but important body of literature on female sex workers’ (FSWs) violence towards others, but little of that focused on low- and middle-income countries. Drawn from a larger biobehavioural study of FSWs in three cities in Papua New Guinea, we analyse the interviews from 19 FSWs who reported having perpetrated physical violence towards four major groups: (1) ex-husbands; (2) clients; (3) other sex workers and (4) other people (mainly women). Our study demonstrates that FSWs’ use of violence arises from a complex set of social, material and gendered circumstances and cannot be addressed in isolation from other aspects of their lives.

Disparities in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among bisexual people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055747
Author(s):  
Mostafa Shokoohi ◽  
Travis Salway ◽  
Benjamin Ahn ◽  
Lori E Ross
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Bisexual Women ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Meta Regression

ObjectiveTo review the bisexual-specific prevalence and likelihood of cigarette smoking relative to lesbian/gay and heterosexual individuals.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus and LGBT Life databases (from 1995 to September 2019) for studies reporting cigarette smoking among bisexuals versus their comparators.Study selectionObservational, quantitative, peer-reviewed studies providing estimates for lifetime, past 30 days or current cigarette smoking among bisexuals and any of the two comparators were selected.Data extractionData on sexual orientation groups, cigarette smoking, sample type and mechanism, data collection mode, country and median year, as well as gender and age groups were extracted.Data synthesisRandom-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled OR (95% CIs) of cigarette smoking. Meta-regression was used to examine the difference in the prevalence of cigarette smoking by study and sample characteristics. Of 4663 unduplicated records, 47 unique studies were included (14, 23 and 22 studies on lifetime, past 30 days and current cigarette smoking, respectively). Compared with lesbians/gays and heterosexuals, bisexuals were 1.25 (1.15 to 1.37) and 2.18 (1.84 to 2.59) times more likely to report lifetime smoking, 1.17 (1.08 to 1.27) and 2.49 (2.20 to 2.83) times more likely to report past 30 days smoking and 1.19 (1.00 to 1.43) and 2.26 (1.97 to 2.59) times more likely to report current smoking. Gender was a significant covariate in the meta-regression models.ConclusionsCigarette smoking was more prevalent among bisexuals than lesbians/gays and heterosexuals, with the estimates showing a greater magnitude among bisexual women relative to all other sexual orientation/gender subgroups.

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