The Persistent Association Between Exposure to Intimate Partner Physical Violence and Current Cigarette Smoking Among Women in Papua New Guinea: A Modified Poisson Regression Analysis

Background: Intimate partner physical violence (IPPV) is a preventable public health threat associated with health deteriorating lifestyles such as cigarette smoking. However, limited research has focused on the association between IPPV and cigarette smoking among women in unions in low-and middle-income countries like Papua New Guinea (PNG). The aim of this study was to examine the association between IPPV and current cigarette smoking using a nationally representative sample. Methods: We utilized 2016-2018 PNG Demographic and Health Survey data of 9,943 women aged 15-49 years who were in intimate unions. We estimated the direct risk of smoking cigarette using modified Poisson regression models with a robust variance relative risk and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cigarette smoking. Results: Among the total participants, the prevalence of IPPV was 52.4% and smoking cigarette in the last 24 hours was 25.1%. The modified Poisson regression results indicated a robust and persistent association between IPPV and cigarette smoking among women in unions both in the absence and presence of covariates. The risk of smoking cigarette was significantly elevated among those who reported a history of IPPV relative to their counterparts with no physical violence history (IRR: 1.35, 95%CI: 1.20-1.52) in the absence of covariates. After controlling for demographic, social and economic variables, the association between IPPV and cigarette smoking persisted (IRR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.08-1.41). Conclusions: The present study provides strong evidence to indicate a robust and persistent association between IPPV and current cigarette smoking among women in unions. Interventions aimed at addressing IPPV among women in unions in PNG to reduce the increased risk of cigarette smoking are needed.

Substance Use among Homeless Reproductive Age People in Southern Ethiopia

Introduction. Substance use by homeless reproductive age people may result to anxiety, involvement of risky sexual behaviors, and increasing the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Therefore, this study assessed the magnitude of alcohol use, sexual intercourse after alcohol use, and its associated factors among homeless reproductive age people in southern Ethiopia. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among homeless reproductive age people. The snowball sampling technique was used to recruit 842 participants. Pretested and structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were entered into Epidata version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association of independent variables with the outcome variables. Odds ratio with their 95% confidence interval and P value was used to identify the significant variables. Results. More than half 423 (53.2%) of the respondents had taken a drink that contains alcohol in the last one year of the study period. Out of 324 khat chewers, 190 (58.64%) had sex after chewing khat. More than one-thirds, 323(38.4%) homeless people were smoking cigarette during the study period. Factors associated with alcohol use were age 19-25 years (AOR: 0.49; CI: 0.34, 0.72), ≥26 years (AOR: 0.40; CI: 0.25, 0.65), level of education (AOR: 0.61; CI: 0.39, 0.94), place of residence: major urban (AOR: 0.31; CI: 0.18, 0.51), small town (AOR: 0.38; CI: 0.23, 0.63), ever heard about STDs (AOR: 0.14; CI: 0.07, 027), and being a cigarette smoker (AOR: 2.67; CI: 1.94, 3.71). Conclusions. In this study, significant percentage of respondents had taken a drink that contains alcohol. Age, level of education, place of residence, ever heard about STDs, and smoking cigarette were variables significantly associated with alcohol use. Awareness creation on the effect and outcome of substance use is recommended.

Determinants of cigarette/bidi smoking among youth male in rural Mymensingh of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study

Background Smoking cigarette/bidi, is a serious health threat, causes preventable premature morbidity and mortality. Higher prevalence of smoking among the youth hampers a country’s development, as the youth are the main drivers of socio-economic development. An effective understanding of factors associated with youth smoking is precious to prevent youth smoking. This study aims to identify the determinants of smoking cigarette/bidi among the youth male of the rural areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Methods The primary data from the project “Knowledge, awareness and practices among youth smokers in Trishal Upazila under Mymensingh district: A micro-survey study”, funded by the Research and Extension Center, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh was utilized in the current study. The data consists of 385 youth males aged 15–24 years who were interviewed face-to-face from the rural areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Univariate distribution, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression model were employed to identify the factors associated with smoking cigarette/bidi among the youth male. Results The prevalence of smoking cigarette/bidi among the youth male is 40.3% [95% CI: 35.0%-45.0%]. Age, occupation, monthly income, family’s monthly income, cigarette/bidi smoking status of father, brother and close friends, and knowledge about harmfulness of smoking are revealed as the determinants of cigarette/bidi smoking. For instance, the odds of being smoker increases with the increase in age (Odds ratio [OR]: 1.33 [1.17–1.51]). Business owner is less likely (OR: 0.15 [0.03–0.68]) to smoke than the day labourer. Having smoker fathers (OR: 2.51 [1.39–4.53]), smoker brothers (OR: 2.88 [1.39–5.96]), smoker friends (OR: 9.85 [5.85–1.27]) are significantly associated with smoking cigarette/bidi. Conclusion As the first study, it provides the determinants of cigarette/bidi smoking among youth male of the rural areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Relevant authorities are suggested to consider the study’s findings and recommendations to revise the existing smoking policies so that smoking among youth can be prevented for future development of the country.

POKOK NGUDUD KERETEK: KEBIASAAN NGUDUD DAN MUNCULNYA ‘PABRIK KERETEK’ DI KEDIRI, JAWA TIMUR, 1970-AN

Smoking, cigarette, and keretek have already been addiction to Indonesian peoples,especially in Kediri. Since the 1950s, Kediri has been recognized by its largest cigarettefactory, namely PT Gudang Garam. This study focuses on the linkages between ngudud(smoking) and ‘pabrik keretek’ (micro-scale cigarette factory), and why ngudud is stillexisted as a habit until nowadays. This research used historical method by perusing archives,online reports, articles, books, and interviews. This study indicates that ngudud was affectedby Chinese immigrants who introduced keretek to Kediri since the second half of 20th century,and it has a linkage to the emergence of ‘pabrik keretek’ on the next period. Ngudud, as ahabit, is still existed because keretek became more popular in 1970s and it has been usedfor daily activities and religious rituals in Kediri.

Health Problem Related Smoking Behaviour Among Adult in Indonesia

Smoking behaviour is a problem that is often found in Indonesian society. The number of active smokers in Indonesia is increasing from year to year. Smoking can cause losses both in terms of socio-economic and health and even death. The aim this research is (1) to assess the prevalence of smoking cigarette among adult in Indonesia, and (2) to analizing relationship between health problem and smoking cigarette among adult in Indonesia. This is a cross-sectional study based on data extracted from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, 2017. A household-based survey, implemented in a representative probability sample of more than 47963 households from urban and rural areas in Indonesia. This research was analytic correlational study with Cross sectional approach. The sample of reserach were 18023 adult aged between 15 and 44 years. Relationship between health problem and smoking cigarette among adult in Indonesia was assessed by bivariate methods. Based on the results of the study found that most smokers have ages, residing in rural areas, secondary level education background, have a very poor wealth index level. The research findings found there is a relationship between age (p=0,001), type of residence (p=0,005), type of education (p=0,000), type of wealth index (p=0,000), and health problem related smoking behavior. The findings indicate that there is a relationship between complaints of short / rapid breath (p=0,001), and dont have relationship with nasal disorders and the presence or absence of cough with smoking behavior.

Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

This study assessed the tobacco smoking-associated risk for tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) in India. Ninety-two patients with TPE and 184 controls were randomly selected and assessed regarding their tobacco-smoking status and type, quantity and duration of tobacco used. Odds ratios (ORs) for the association of smoking cigarette, beedi and cigarette or beedi with TPE were 19.22 (p < 0.0001), 2.89 (p = 0.0006) and 4.57 (p < 0.0001) respectively. ORs for developing TPE increased with an increase in beedi/cigarette consumption, duration and pack years of smoking (p < 0.001 each). TPE was significantly associated with confounding risk factors viz., regular alcohol use (OR = 1.89, p = 0.019), history of contact with tuberculosis (TB) patient (OR = 8.07, p < 0.0001), past history of TB (OR = 22.31, p < 0.0001), family history of TB (OR = 9.05, p = 0.0002) and underweight (OR = 3.73, p = 0.0009). Smoking (OR = 3.07, p < 0.001), regular alcohol use (OR = 2.10, p = 0.018), history of contact with TB patient (OR = 4.01, p = 0.040), family history of TB (OR = 10.80, p = 0.001) and underweight (OR = 5.04, p < 0.001) were independently associated with TPE. Thus, both cigarette- and beedi-smoking have a significant association with TPE. The risk for TPE in tobacco smokers is dose- and duration-dependent.

Factors Associated with Singleton Preterm Birth in Shire Suhul General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2018

Background. Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and significant health consequences to the newborn, families, and communities and tens of emotional and economic costs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of singleton preterm birth and associated factors in Shire Suhul General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia. Methods. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among systematically selected 325 postnatal mothers in Shire Suhul General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, from January to March 2018. The data were collected through both face-to-face interview and chart review by using pretested semistructured questionnaires. SPSS version 20 was employed to enter and analyze the data. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were run to identify factors associated with singleton preterm birth at the level of P values ≤ 0.25 and <0.05 for each model, respectively. Result. The magnitude of singleton preterm birth in Suhul Hospital was 16.9%. Smoking cigarette/drinking alcohol during pregnancy [AOR=3.61: CI 95%; 1.59-8.23], previous abortion [AOR=2.37: CI 95%; 1.15-4.88], hemoglobin level < 11gm/dl [AOR=2.44: CI 95%; 1.14-5.22], visible physical neonatal congenital anomaly [AOR=10.42: CI 95%; 1.66-65.23] , and history of giving low birth weight baby [AOR: 2.78 CI 95%; 1.39-5.55] were the factors statistically associated with singleton preterm birth. Conclusion. The magnitude of preterm birth in this study was higher than the average prevalence of preterm birth reported in Ethiopia. Smoking cigarette/drinking alcohol during pregnancy, mothers who had previous abortion, low maternal hemoglobin level, presence of visible physical congenital anomalies of newborn baby, and history of bearing low birth weight baby were found to have statistically significant association with singleton preterm birth. Supplement of daily iron with folic acid (folic acid ideally before pregnancy) for all pregnant mothers with good adherence monitoring and giving attention to preconceptional health care service to avoid any cigarette smoking/alcohol drinking and risk detection were set as recommendations.