The Evolution of Soviet Policy: Real Change or more of the Same

This article describes the Soviet policy of repression in Uzbekistan, Soviet intentions,waves of repressive politics and the possibility of studying the policy of repression in the time of independence

Download Full-text

JAK LUDOBÓJSTWO ZOSTAŁO UZNANE ZA ZBRODNIĘ – DZIEDZICTWO RAFAŁA LEMKINA

Civitas et Lex ◽

10.31648/cetl.2306 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 69-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sam MCFARLAND ◽

Katarzyna HAMER

Keyword(s):

International Law ◽

War Crimes ◽

Genocide Convention ◽

Entire Life ◽

War Crimes Trials ◽

Criminal Charge ◽

Short Biography ◽

The World ◽

Real Change ◽

History Of

Raphael Lemkin is hardly known to a Polish audiences. One of the most honored Poles of theXX century, forever revered in the history of human rights, nominated six times for the Nobel PeacePrize, Lemkin sacrificed his entire life to make a real change in the world: the creation of the term“genocide” and making it a crime under international law. How long was his struggle to establishwhat we now take as obvious, what we now take for granted?This paper offers his short biography, showing his long road from realizing that the killing oneperson was considered a murder but that under international law in 1930s the killing a million wasnot. Through coining the term “genocide” in 1944, he helped make genocide a criminal charge atthe Nuremburg war crimes trials of Nazi leaders in late 1945, although there the crime of genocidedid not cover killing whole tribes when committed on inhabitants of the same country nor when notduring war. He next lobbied the new United Nations to adopt a resolution that genocide is a crimeunder international law, which it adopted on 11 December, 1946. Although not a U.N. delegate – hewas “Totally Unofficial,” the title of his autobiography – Lemkin then led the U.N. in creating theConvention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted 9 December, 1948.Until his death in 1958, Lemkin lobbied tirelessly to get other U.N. states to ratify the Convention.His legacy is that, as of 2015, 147 U.N. states have done so, 46 still on hold. His tomb inscriptionreads simply, “Dr. Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959), Father of the Genocide Convention”. Without himthe world as we know it, would not be possible.

Download Full-text

Russians, Americans, and Their Germanies

German Politics & Society ◽

10.3167/104503000782486606 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 110-119

Author(s):

Robert Gerald Livingston

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Cold War ◽

New Jersey ◽

Soviet Policy ◽

The Cold War ◽

Versity Press

Hannes Adomeit, Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1998 )W.R. Smyser, From Yalta to Berlin: The Cold War Struggle over Germany (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999)Angela E. Stent, Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, The Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Uni- versity Press, 1999)

Download Full-text

Makna Ragi Dalam Ajaran Tuhan Yesus tentang Kewaspadaan

Fidei: Jurnal Teologi Sistematika dan Praktika ◽

10.34081/fidei.v1i1.4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 68-91

Author(s):

Joseph Christ Santo

Keyword(s):

Word Meaning ◽

Symbolic Meaning ◽

Sentence Structure ◽

The Real ◽

Real Change

Some of the teachings of the Lord Jesus are in the form of a straightforward sentence and some are figurative. The use of the word "leaven" in the few sentences that the Lord Jesus says about vigilance is in the figurative sense. That is why it is necessary to find the word meaning according to the principles of exegesis.The exegetical method used involves establishing the text of the text to be extrapolated, ie Matthew 16: 6, analysis of sentence structure and composing of translations, analysis of the context of the use of yeast at the time, excavation of theological points based on the meaning of words and wording in sentences, and the application of exegesis to the contemporary context.The conclusion of this study is, Jesus uses the term yeast because yeast is something commonly used in society, so its symbolic meaning is easily drawn according to what is understood by society. Yeast depicts the doctrine, and there is a common characteristic of yeast and the characteristics of doctrine; the decay caused by a small amount of yeast does not appear to be the process but the real change, as well as quite a bit of unhealthy teaching that is allowed to contaminate, has the potential to ruin the entire character of a person. The doctrine to watch out for is the preoccupation with the more outward than the spiritual, including arrogance, hypocrisy, and worldly worldview.Keywords : leaven, yeast, doctrine, alert, Farisi, Saduki AbstrakAjaran Tuhan Yesus ada yang berbentuk kalimat lugas dan ada yang kiasan. Penggunaan kata “ragi” dalam beberapa kalimat yang disampaikan Tuhan Yesus tentang kewaspadaan adalah dalam makna kiasan. Itu sebabnya perlu dicari makna kata tersebut sesuai prinsip-prinsip eksegesis.Metode eksegesis yang digunakan meliputi penetapan teks Alkitab yang akan dieksegesis, yaitu Matius 16:6, analisis struktur kalimat dan menyusun terjemahan, analisis konteks penggunaan ragi pada masa itu, penggalian pokok-pokok teologis berdasarkan arti kata dan susunan kata dalam kalimat, dan penerapan eksegesis kepada konteks masa kini.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah, Yesus menggunakan istilah ragi karena ragi adalah sesuatu yang umum digunakan dalam masyarakat, sehingga arti simboliknya dengan mudah ditarik berdasarkan apa yang dipahami oleh masyarakat. Ragi menggambarkan ajaran, dan ada kesamaan karakteristik ragi dan karakteristik ajaran; pembusukan yang disebabkan oleh sejumlah kecil ragi tidak nampak prosesnya namun nyata perubahannya, demikian pula cukup sedikit ajaran yang tidak sehat yang dibiarkan mengkontaminasi memiliki potensi untuk merusak seluruh karakter seseorang. Ajaran yang harus diwaspadai adalah pengutamaan terhadap hal-hal yang lahiriah lebih daripada yang rohani, termasuk di dalamnya keangkuhan, kemunafikan, dan pandangan duniawi.Kata kunci: ragi, khamir, ajaran, waspada, Farisi, Saduki.

Download Full-text