scholarly journals Long-term Evaluation of Cover Crop and Strip Tillage on Tomato Yield, Nematode Populations, and Foliar Diseases

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 511A-511
Author(s):  
Alan W. McKeown ◽  
John W. Potter ◽  
R.F. Cerkauskas ◽  
L. Van Driel
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Strip Tillage

A long-term experiment in the same site was planted to evaluate potential yield, nematode, and disease problems with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in a strip-till system. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and strip tillage (ST), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cover crops and a 2-year rye–tomato rotation. Results of the first 5 years indicate a decrease in tomato yield over time for both tillage treatments and cover crops. Tomato yields were lower following wheat and perennial ryegrass than rye. Strip-tillage reduced yield compared to conventional tillage in only 1 year out of 6. Yield increased overall for treatments in 1992, with highest yield in the rye–tomato rotation. Bacterial speck/spot symptoms on foliage, although minor, were significantly greater in ST than in CT plots during the last 3 years. No major consistent trends in incidence and severity of bacterial and fungal diseases and of disorders of fruit were evident during the 5-year period, and neither fruit yield nor quality were significantly affected by these factors. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were numerically less numerous in the rye–tomato rotation than in other treatments; both root-knot and root lesion nematodes [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb)] tended to be less numerous under CT than under ST. Tomatoes grown under reduced tillage appear more sensitive to plant parasitic nematodes and preceding cover crops than in conventional tillage.

Long-term evaluation of cover crop and strip-tillage on tomato yield, foliar diseases and nematode populations

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. McKeown ◽  
R. F. Cerkauskas ◽  
John W. Potter ◽  
L. van Driel
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Speck ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

A 6-yr (1987–1992) experiment, continuous on the same site, evaluated potential problems for yield, nematodes and diseases with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in a strip-till system. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and strip tillage (ST), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cover crops and a 2-yr rye-tomato rotation. Results of the first 5 yr indicated a decrease in tomato yield over time for both tillage treatments and cover crops. However, yield rebounded overall for treatments in 1992 with the highest yield in the rye-tomato rotation. We suspect this was a result of high populations of root-knot nematodes which collapsed over the winter of 1991/1992. Tomato yields were lower following wheat and perennial ryegrass than rye. In only 1 yr out of 6, strip-tillage reduced yield compared with conventional tillage. Bacterial speck/spot symptoms on foliage, although minor, were significantly greater in ST than in CT plots during the last 3 yr. No major trends in incidence and severity of bacterial and fungal diseases and of disorders of fruit were evident during the 5-yr period and neither fruit yield nor quality were significantly affected by these factors. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were numerically less in the rye-tomato rotation than in other treatments; both root-knot and root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans [Cobb]) tended to be less numerous under CT than under ST. Strip-tillage is feasible for machine harvest processing tomatoes. However, we are concerned about the tendency of tomatoes grown under reduced tillage to have lower yields than those grown under conventional tillage. More work is required on the interactions of cultivars, cover crops and nematodes in soil conservation systems. Key words: Tomato, bacterial speck/spot, foliar diseases, root-knot nematodes, root lesion nematodes, tillage

scholarly journals Composição Total Elementar do Solo de um Experimento de Longa Duração Usando Espectroscopia Total de Fluorescência de Raios-X (Total elemental composition of a soil in a long term experiment using X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 778
Author(s):  
Viviane Capoane ◽  
Ivan Renato Cardoso Krolow ◽  
Danilo Rheinheimer dos Santos ◽  
Lutécia Beatriz Canalli
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment

Neste trabalho, determinaram-se os teores totais das substâncias químicas presentes em um Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia total de fluorescência de raios-X. A pesquisa teve como objetivo criar uma base de dados geoquímica para os solos da região sudoeste do Paraná; comparar os resultados com valores de referência nacional e internacional; avaliar o efeito dos sistemas plantio direto versus convencional de cultivo e; de plantas de cobertura de inverno, na geoquímica do solo de um experimento de longa duração. As coletas de solo se deram em três locais distintos, em três camadas (0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm). A técnica utilizada forneceu de maneira rápida e limpa a impressão digital química do solo e os mesmos servem de background para o sudoeste do Paraná. Os teores de elementos químicos preconizados por organizações nacionais e internacionais não estão alinhados com os teores observados em áreas não antropizadas do estado do Paraná. Os resultados obtidos também mostraram que 29 anos após a implantação do experimento, a fertilidade natural foi alterada e que, a substituição da vegetação nativa por sistemas cultivados levou a exportação de algumas substâncias químicas do solo como SO3, MnO, Co e, ao acúmulo de outras como CaO, K2O e MgO. No sistema plantio direto (0-10 cm) concentraram-se os maiores teores de substâncias de origem antropogênica. O sistema convencional de cultivo apresentou diferenciação significativa nos teores entre as plantas de cobertura e não significativa entre as camadas de solo.   A B S T R A C T In this work, the total chemical element levels in a Rhodic Hapludox were determined using total  X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The research aimed to create a geochemical database of soils in the southwestern region of Paraná; compare the values obtained with national and international reference values; evaluate the effect of no-tillage versus conventional tillage systems and; coverage plants on the soil geochemistry in a long term experiment. Soil collections were made in three different locations, each in three layers (0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm). The technique gave a quick, clean chemical digital impression of the soil which also can be used as a background for the southwestern Paraná. The levels of chemicals recommended by national and international organizations are not aligned with the levels observed in non-disturbed areas of Paraná State. The results also showed that twenty nine years after the beginning of the experiment, the natural fertility changed and that, with the substitution of native vegetation for cultivation systems, levels of some components such as SO3, MnO and Co decreased and those of others such as CaO, K2O and MgO increased. In soils for which no-tillage systems (0-10 cm) is the largest concentrations of anthropogenic substances. The conventional tillage systems gave levels very different from those found in soils under coverage plants and not significantly different between the soil layers. Keywords: soil management, cover crops, no tillage, conventional tillage, geochemistry.   

scholarly journals Impact of direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems on soil nematodes in a long-term experiment in Madagascar

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 949-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Villenave ◽  
Bodovololona Rabary ◽  
Jean-Luc Chotte ◽  
Eric Blanchart ◽  
Djibril Djigal
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
Structure Indices

The objective of this work was to assess the effects of conventional tillage and of different direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) on soil nematofauna characteristics. The long-term field experiment was carried out in the highlands of Madagascar on an andic Dystrustept soil. Soil samples were taken once a year during three successive years (14 to 16 years after installation of the treatments) from a 0-5-cm soil layer of a conventional tillage system and of three kinds of DMC: direct seeding on mulch from rotation soybean-maize residues; direct seeding of maize-maize rotation on living mulch of silverleaf (Desmodium uncinatum); direct seeding of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-soybean rotation on living mulch of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). The samples were compared with samples from natural fallows. The soil nematofauna, characterized by the abundance of different trophic groups and indices (MI, maturity index; EI and SI, enrichment and structure indices), allowed the discrimination of the different cropping systems. The different DMC treatments had a more complex soil food web than the tillage treatment: SI and MI were significantly greater in DMC systems. Moreover, DMC with dead mulch had a lower density of free-living nematodes than DMC with living mulch, which suggested a lower microbial activity.

scholarly journals Temporal Change of Soil Carbon on a Long-Term Experimental Site with Variable Crop Rotations and Tillage Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Laamrani ◽  
Paul R. Voroney ◽  
Aaron A. Berg ◽  
Adam W. Gillespie ◽  
Michael March ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
No Till

The impacts of tillage practices and crop rotations are fundamental factors influencing changes in the soil carbon, and thus the sustainability of agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to compare soil carbon status and temporal changes in topsoil from different 4 year rotations and tillage treatments (i.e., no-till and conventional tillage). Rotation systems were primarily corn and soy-based and included cereal and alfalfa phases along with red clover cover crops. In 2018, soil samples were collected from a silty-loam topsoil (0–15 cm) from the 36 year long-term experiment site in southern Ontario, Canada. Total carbon (TC) contents of each sample were determined in the laboratory using combustion methods and comparisons were made between treatments using current and archived samples (i.e., 20 year and 9 year change, respectively) for selected crop rotations. Overall, TC concentrations were significantly higher for no-till compared with conventional tillage practices, regardless of the crop rotations employed. With regard to crop rotation, the highest TC concentrations were recorded in corn–corn–oats–barley (CCOB) rotations with red clover cover crop in both cereal phases. TC contents were, in descending order, found in corn–corn–alfalfa–alfalfa (CCAA), corn–corn–soybean–winter wheat (CCSW) with 1 year of seeded red clover, and corn–corn–corn–corn (CCCC). The lowest TC concentrations were observed in the corn–corn–soybean–soybean (CCSS) and corn–corn–oats–barley (CCOB) rotations without use of cover crops, and corn–corn–soybean–winter wheat (CCSW). We found that (i) crop rotation varieties that include two consecutive years of soybean had consistently lower TC concentrations compared with the remaining rotations; (ii) TC for all the investigated plots (no-till and/or tilled) increased over the 9 year and 20 year period; (iii) the no-tilled CCOB rotation with 2 years of cover crop showed the highest increase of TC content over the 20 year change period time; and (iv) interestingly, the no-till continuous corn (CCCC) rotation had higher TC than the soybean–soybean–corn–corn (SSCC) and corn–corn–soybean–winter wheat (CCSW). We concluded that conservation tillage (i.e., no-till) and incorporation of a cover crop into crop rotations had a positive effect in the accumulation of TC topsoil concentrations and could be suitable management practices to promote soil fertility and sustainability in our agricultural soils.

scholarly journals Linking Cover Crop Residue Quality and Tillage System to CO2-C Emission, Soil C and N Stocks and Crop Yield Based on a Long-Term Experiment

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1848
Author(s):  
Otávio A. Leal ◽  
Telmo J. C. Amado ◽  
Jackson E. Fiorin ◽  
Cristiano Keller ◽  
Geovane B. Reimche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

Cover crops (CC), particularly legumes, are key to promote soil carbon (C) sequestration in no-tillage. Nevertheless, the mechanisms regulating this process need further elucidation within a broad comprehensive framework. Therefore, we investigated effects of CC quality: black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) (oat), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) (vetch), and oat + vetch on carbon dioxide-C (CO2-C) emission (124 days) under conventional- (CT), minimum- (MT) and no-tillage (NT) plots from a long-term experiment in Southern Brazil. Half-life time (t1/2) of CC residues and the apparent C balance (ACB) were obtained for CT and NT. We linked our data to long-term (22 years) soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks and crop yield data of our experimental field. Compared to CT, NT increased t1/2 of oat, oat + vetch and vetch by 3.9-, 3.1- and 3-fold, respectively; reduced CO2-C emissions in oat, oat + vetch and vetch by 500, 600 and 642 kg ha−1, respectively; and increased the ACB (influx) in oat + vetch (195%) and vetch (207%). For vetch, CO2-C emission in MT was 77% greater than NT. Legume CC should be preferentially combined with NT to reduce CO2-C emissions and avoid a flush of N into the soil. The legume based-NT system showed the greatest soil C and N sequestration rates, which were significantly and positively related to soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. Soil C (0–90 cm depth) and N (0–100 cm depth) sequestration increments of 1 kg ha−1 corresponded to soybean yield increments of 1.2 and 7.4 kg ha−1, respectively.

scholarly journals Nitrogen use efficiency and fertiliser fate in a long-term experiment with winter cover crops

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Gabriel ◽  
M. Alonso-Ayuso ◽  
I. García-González ◽  
C. Hontoria ◽  
M. Quemada
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Winter Cover ◽  
Winter Cover Crops

scholarly journals Effects of Reduced and Conventional Tillage on Weed Communities: Results of a Long-Term Experiment in Southwestern Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PARDO ◽  
A. CIRUJEDA ◽  
F. PEREA ◽  
A.M.C. VERDÚ ◽  
M.T. MAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Seed Density ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Seed Distribution

ABSTRACT: An important drawback in adopting minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) techniques is the frequently observed weed shift promoting adapted species and achieving poorer weed control. These changes can be detected best with long-term experiments, and results might differ depending on soil characteristics and the local flora. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of reduced tillage on weed seed distribution in the soil profile and to identify possible consequences on weed diversity on a long-term experiment maintained during 24 years in Seville (Spain) with three tillage systems: NT, MT and conventional tillage (CT) including moldboard plow on a vertisol. For this purpose, soil seedbanks at 0-8 cm and 8-16 cm depths were enumerated in autumn 2005 and in-field emerged plants in autumn 2005 and winter 2006. Shannon diversity index (H) and evenness (J’) were calculated for seedbank and aboveground weed communities. Total weed seed density was highest for NT and lowest for CT. Some big-seeded species, such as Chrozophora tinctorea L., showed highest seed density in CT. NT increased the relative density of Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson seeds in the seedbank and the abundance of emerged plants of Malva parviflora L., Anagallis arvensis L. and Picris echioides L. Overall, MT led to a less diverse seedbank in the 0-8 cm depth of soil than CT. The frequent drought-induced deep fractures in the expandable clay soil caused natural tillage, which probably resulted in fewer differences in weed seed and seedling densities among tillage treatments compared to what might be expected in other soil types.

Peanut Yield Response to Conservation Tillage, Winter Cover Crop, Peanut Cultivar, and Fungicide Applications1

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald B. Sorensen ◽  
Timothy B. Brenneman ◽  
Marshall C. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Winter Cover Crop ◽  
Winter Crop ◽  
Winter Cover ◽  
Strip Tillage

Abstract Strip tillage with various crop covers in peanut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) production has not shown a clear yield advantage over conventional tillage, but has been found to reduce yield losses from some diseases. This study was conducted to determine pod yield and disease incidence between two tillage practices, five winter cover crops, three peanut cultivars, and three fungicide programs. Conventional and strip tillage treatments were implemented on a Greenville sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults) near Shellman, GA. Five winter cereal grain cover crops (strip tillage) and a no-cover crop treatment were sprayed at recommended (1R), half recommended (0.5R) or untreated (0R) fungicide programs. Within peanut cultivars, leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) intensity decreased as the number of fungicide applications increased; however, stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) incidence was the same for the 1R and 0.5R fungicide programs but increased 0R program. Conventional tilled peanuts developed more leaf spot compared with strip tillage. There was no difference in leaf spot ratings among winter crop covers. There was no difference in stem rot incidence with tillage or winter cover crop. There was no yield difference with peanut cultivar. Pod yield was the same for the 1R and 0.5R fungicide program (3867 kg/ha) but decreased at the 0R fungicide program (2740 kg/ha). Pod yield was greater with conventional tillage and strip tillage with black oats (Avena sativa L.) (3706 kg/ha) compared with strip tillage of other winter crop cover treatments (3358 kg/ha). Conventional tillage had more leaf spot, equal incidence of stem rot, and higher yield compared with strip tillage. The 0.5R fungicide program had the same yield compared with the 1R fungicide program implying a possible 50% savings on fungicide applications on well rotated fields with lower disease risk.

Effect of Tillage Systems on Distribution of Aggregates and Organic Carbon in a Long-Term No-Tillage Paddy Field

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 1185-1189
Author(s):  
Qi Wen Tang ◽  
Chang Sheng Jiang ◽  
Qing Ju Hao ◽  
Yan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
Long Term Experiment

The effect of different tillage systems on the size distribution of aggregates and organic carbon distribution and storage in different size aggregates in a Hydragric Anthrosol were studied in a long-term experiment in Chongqing, China. The experiment included five tillage treatments, which are conventional tillage with rice only system (DP), conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system (SH), no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (LM), no-till and plain culture with rotation of rice and rape system (XM) and tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (LF), respectively. The results showed that the aggregates 0.25-0.05 mm in diameter accounted for the largest proportion in each soil layer under all treatments. The organic carbon mainly exist in aggregates in the 0.25-2 mm and 0.05-0.25 mm diameter in the plough layer, which mainly exist in the 0.25-2 mm in diameter in the bottom layer. Distribution of organic carbon in aggregates in the 0.05-0.25 mm diameter class was highest, followed by the aggregates in the 0.25-2mm diameter class. The organic carbon in aggregates under different tillage systems was in a decreasing order of LM (21.05 g·kg-1)> DP (14.13 g·kg-1)> XM (13.29 g·kg-1)> LF (12.54 g·kg-1) > SH (11.41 g·kg-1). The total organic carbon content showed a significant correlation with the amount of aggregates with diameter >0.005 mm. The results showed that the accumulation of soil organic carbon was mainly affected by aggregates in the >0.005mm diameter class.

scholarly journals Soil organic matter as affected by management systems, phosphate fertilization, and cover crops

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1668-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géssica Pereira de Souza ◽  
Cícero Célio de Figueiredo ◽  
Djalma Martinhão Gomes de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Phosphate Fertilization ◽  
Humic Fractions

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil management systems, cover crops, and phosphate fertilization on soil humic fractions in a long-term experiment. The treatments consisted of conventional tillage and no-tillage with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) or velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as cover crops, at two doses of phosphorous: 0 and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year. Soil samples were taken 11 years after the establishment of the experiment and analyzed for soil total organic carbon and carbon content of humic fractions at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20-m depths. The humic fractions are sensitive to soil management, except free fulvic acid, which was the only one that did not reduce its carbon contents on the surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) with conventional tillage. The main changes occurred on the soil surface layer, in which the no-tillage system with pearl millet as a cover crop provided the highest carbon levels in humic fractions. Long-term phosphate fertilization under no-tillage, with pearl millet as a cover crop, promotes the accumulation of organic carbon in soil humic fractions.

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