Energy balance evaluation in Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum L.) grown in a sub-humid climate

Results of an experiment conducted at the Central Agromet Observatory on gram crop during 1990-1991 winter crop season, to investigate relative contribution of energy balance parameters, presented in the study. The analysis revealed that latent heat is the major source of dissipation of net r early maturity stage. After crop attains maturity, sensible heat predominates over other components.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZERRS WITH UREASE AND NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS ON DURUM WHEAT CROP ON YIELD AND QUALITY (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum)

Conventional agricultural has a significant role in climate change. For this reason, farmers choose more innovative practices such as fertilizers inhibitors. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) is the most cultivated winter crop in the Mediterranean basin. The scope of this study is to determine the improvement of the fertilizer yield by adding nitrification (DMPSA) and urease (NBPT) inhibitor in urea in durum wheat crop. Meridiano variety was evaluated for one growing period through 2019–2020 under two basic fertilization (20-20-0 and 12-40-0 (+10S +Zn). The experiments were designed according to split-plot design, 2 main plots (basic fertilization) and 7 subplots (top fertilization). The top fertilization were the various urea combination treatments (urea, urea + urease inhibitor thiophosphoric-triamide (NBPT) (UI), urea + nitrogen inhibitor 3,4- dimethylpyrazole succinic (DMPSA) and control. Nitrogen markers, such as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) were used to evaluate nitrogen release. The length of the inflorescences was over 20 cm for all fertilizations. Regarding basic fertilization, larger inflorescences were recorded with 12-40-0 (+10S +Zn). The grain protein content and nitrogen were higher by 1-2% under basic basic fertilization 20-20-0. Grain and biomass production were increased with both fertilizers’ inhibitors (NBPT and DMPSA). Between two inhibitors, urease inhibitor (NBPT) yielded higher than DMPSA.

Winter Forage Crop Harvest Time Impacts Regeneration of the Annual Weeds Barley Grass, Annual Ryegrass and Wild Radish

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a short-lived annual weed which competes with preferred crop and pasture species and frequently contaminates wool and carcasses, and irritates the ears, eyes and noses of sheep. Barley grass, annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) are annual winter crop weeds which reduce grain yield through competition. In three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) cereal, legume and cereal/legume forage crops were grown and harvested in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). A spring wheat cultivar was sown over each site in the following year (2016 to 2018). Weed density was recorded during the forage crop and wheat phases. Forage crop weed populations varied between years. Late paddock preparation for sowing in 2015 effectively eradicated barley grass from all forage crops; however, the competitiveness of legume and cereal/legume crops against annual ryegrass was reduced. In contrast, legume and cereal/legume mixtures tended to have higher barley grass densities than cereal crops in 2016 and 2017, when paddock preparation was earlier. Cutting in October 2015 reduced annual ryegrass and wild radish populations in 2016 wheat by 92.0% and 86.7%, respectively. In 2017 and 2018, regrowth and subsequent seed set following cutting appeared to negate cutting time effects for all crop and crop/legume combinations. Late paddock preparation, an early October forage harvest and effective regrowth control provided the best opportunity for barley grass, annual ryegrass and wild radish control in a single year.

Ethnolinguistic Information about RUGYS (Rye) in Lithuanian Dialect Dictionaries

The article analyzes what ethnolinguistic information about rye can be read in the entries of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries. The research data were selected from thirteen dictionaries of Lithuanian dialects and the comprehensive Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language). Thus, dialectal dictionaries are an excellent source of lexical semantic research based on the research methodology of the linguistic image of the world. The research presented in the article was inspired by the Słownik stereotypόw i symboli ludowych (SSiSL) (Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols) published by the Lublin Ethnolinguistic School.An attempt is being made to find an answer to the question whether rugys (rye) is just a source of food and a basis for biological existence for Lithuanian farmers and rural residents? It is assumed that rye is synonymous with bread as a gift from God to farmers. According to folklore sources, people sacrificed the best stook of rye to God. According to the tradition of the Polish people, rye is a symbol of abundance, wealth, kindness; according to the tradition of the Lithuanians it is a symbol of growth, vitality, fertility and endurance.Analyzing the data of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries and the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language it was established that the lexeme rye is used in various parts of lexicographic articles: 1) as a title word in dictionary entries; 2) in definitions and illustrative sentences; 3) in the illustrations of entries of other words (for example, crops, grain, shoot, winter crops); 4) in terminological compounds (e. g. African rye (Secale africanum), annual cereal (Secale cereale), cereal grass (Secale sylvestre); 5) in paremias; 6) in phraseological compounds.The lexicographic definition of the lexeme rye highlights the following features of the category: a plant, eared (various properties: winter crop, upright, strong, dense, etc.), a symbol of everyday life. The illustrative examples of the words reflect man’s respect for rye as a plant that gives bread.

Economic nitrogen doses via fertigation for corn cultivation in a semiarid environment

Producers in the northeastern semiarid region of Brazil have been cultivating irrigated corn. The commercialized product comprises mainly green ears and silage. However, the irrigation of crops for dry grain has been questioned regarding costs and price competitiveness in relation to the same non-irrigated product cultivated in other regions. In recent years, the use of drip tapes and fertigation has spread among corn producers in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the N dose, via fertigation, which provides the maximum economic production of corn for dry grain, in two crop seasons (summer and winter), in the semiarid region of Brazil. The experimental design was performed in randomized blocks, with four replications. In both crops, the treatments consisted of four doses of N (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha-1) applied in the form of urea. In the hybrid corn (Bt Feroz), the N content was evaluated in terms of leaves, grain yield, gross and net incomes, the rate of return, and the profitability index. Independent of the crop season, the yield of dry grain (5,441.03 kg ha-1) was highest when the corn was fertigated with a dose of 104.05 kg ha-1 N. The highest net incomes of the dry grain were obtained with 80 kg ha-1 N in summer (R$ 1,190.78 ha-1) and 160 kg ha-1 N in winter (R$ 2,757.54 ha-1). The winter crop was more favorable to the economic production of dry grain.

A, The Allelopathic effects of Papavare somniferum on germination and initial seedling growth of Echinochloa cruss-galli

Weeds are unwanted plants in crop that can be control by different methods among them use of aqueous extract of crop is an imperative method. To investigate the allopathic potential of aqueous extract of winter crop Papavare somniferum (opium) on summer weed Echinochloa cruss-galli (barnyard grass) laboratory experiments were conducted. The experiment coomprised seven concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) of different plant parts i.e., leaves, stem and flower of P. somniferumwere. All the tested concentrations and plant parts of P. somniferum significantly reduced mean emergence time, germination index, germination percentage, time to 50% germination as well as well growth of E. cruss-galliweed. However, maximum mean emergence time (9.07 days), time to 50% germination (3.67 days) was noted at leaves and stem extract, respectively. Application of aqueous extract of stem at 8% concentration resulted in greatest time to complete 50% germination (5.42 days) and lowest fresh weight (6.28 g), dry weight (1.00 g) and root length (0.33 cm) of E. cruss-galli. Whereas leaf extract at 8% concentration produces less shoot length (1.13 cm) and more emergence time (9.18 days). Lowest emergence percentage (6.67%) and germination index (0.89) were produced by aqueous extract of fruit at 8% concentration. On the basis of this experiment, it can be concluded that higher concentration (8%) of stem extract of P. somniferumwas used to biologically control the infestation of E. cruss-galli weed.

Yield Stability of Different Elite Wheat Lines under Drought and Irrigated Environments using AMMI and GGE Biplots

Wheat is the principal winter crop in Nepal. Drought affects 44% of the lands of the total wheat area in the country with a yield loss of 15–20%. This research focuses to minimize this loss through the identification of high-yielding lines stable across the drought stress and irrigated environments. The experiment was conducted in Alpha Lattice Design with 20 genotypes replicated twice with five blocks per replication from November 2019 to April 2020. The findings showed that genotypes, environments, and genotype-environment interaction have a highly significant effect on grain yield and explained 28.95%, 52.57%, and 18.47% of variation on yield, respectively. The which-won-where model revealed elite line NL 1420 is the most responsive line in the drought environment, followed by BL 4407, while elite line NL 1179 is the most stable line in irrigated environment. The mean vs stability model with principal component 1 and 2 explaining 65.76% and 34.24% respectively, showed that elite line NL 1420, BL 4407, BL 4919, Bhrikuti are both high yielding and stable lines while line NL 1179, Gautam, and NL 1384 are less stable in both test environments. Similarly, the ranking genotypes model indicated lines close to the ideal line are NL 1420, BL 4407, BL 4919, Bhrikuti as the most representative line for genotype evaluation. Thus, elite wheat line NL 1420 and NL 1179 are recommended as specifically adapted to drought and irrigated environments, respectively, and elite line NL 1420, BL 4407, BL 4919, Bhrikuti are recommended for further evaluation for stability. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(2): 98-106

Using agricultural metadata: a novel investigation of trends in sowing date in on-farm research trials using the Online Farm Trials database

Background: A growing ability to collect data, together with the development and adoption of the FAIR guiding principles, has increased the amount of data available in many disciplines. This has given rise to an urgent need for robust metadata. Within the Australian grains industry, data from thousands of on-farm research trials (Trial Projects) have been made available via the Online Farm Trials (OFT) website. OFT Trial Project metadata were developed as filters to refine front-end database searches, but could also be used as a dataset to investigate trends in metadata elements. Australian grains crops are being sown earlier, but whether on-farm research trials reflect this change is currently unknown. Methods: We investigated whether OFT Trial Project metadata could be used to detect trends in sowing dates of on-farm crop research trials across Australia, testing the hypothesis that research trials are being sown earlier in line with local farming practices. The investigation included 15 autumn-sown, winter crop species listed in the database, with trial records from 1993 to 2019. Results: Our analyses showed that (i) OFT Trial Project metadata can be used as a dataset to detect trends in sowing date; and (ii) cropping research trials are being sown earlier in Victoria and Western Australia, but no trend exists within the other states. Discussion/Conclusion: Our findings show that OFT Trial Project metadata can be used to detect trends in crop sowing date, suggesting that metadata could also be used to detect trends in other elements such as harvest date. Because OFT is a national database of research trials, further assessment of metadata may uncover important agronomic, cultural or economic trends within or across the Australian cropping regions. New information could then be used to lead practice change and increase productivity within the Australian grains industry.