scholarly journals Comparison of Stomatal Density and Postharvest Transpiration between Long- and Short-lived Cut Flower Genotypes of Antirrhinum majus L.

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Schroeder ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Fourth Quarter ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Postharvest Longevity

Evaluation of leaf stomatal numbers and postharvest water loss indicate these are important factors in Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) cut flower postharvest longevity (PHL). Cut flowers with 9 days longer PHL had 53% fewer leaf stomata. Long PHL is associated with an early reduction in transpiration followed by low steady transpiration. Short-lived genotypes had a linear transpiration pattern over the period of PHL indicating poor stomatal control of water loss. Short-lived genotypes had 22% to 33% reductions in fourth quarter transpiration while long-lived genotypes had 2% to 8% reductions. In addition, short-lived genotypes had higher average fourth quarter cut flower weight losses compared to long-lived genotypes. Further investigation of stomatal numbers and functioning relative to PHL may provide breeders a rapid and nondestructive indirect selection method for PHL.

scholarly journals 073 Stomatal Density as a Correlated Trait to Postharvest Longevity in Antirrhinum majus L. (Snapdragon)

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 401B-401
Author(s):  
William J. Martin ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Fluorescent Lighting

Stomatal density is being investigated as a highly correlated trait to postharvest longevity (PHL) and subsequently may be used for selection in early generations of breeding germplasm. To this end, leaf imprints were created from Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) P1, P2, F1, BC1 (F1×P1), BC2 (F1×P2), F2, and F3 plants and evaluated for stomatal densities. Cut flowers of P1, P2, F1, BC1 (F1×P1), BC2 (F1×P2), and F3 were harvested after the first five flowers opened and evaluated for PHL. Additionally, cut flowers from these lines were evaluated for leaf surface area. Populations for evaluation were grown in the greenhouse in winter and spring 1999-2000 in a randomized complete-block design according to standard forcing procedures. Twenty-five cut flowering stems of each genotype were held in the laboratory in deionized water under continuous fluorescent lighting at 22 °C for PHL assessment. The end of PHL was defined as 50% of the flowers drying, browning, or wilting. Data will be presented on the correlation between stomatal density and PHL.

scholarly journals 076 Determining Gene Numbers and the Potential for Transferring Long Postharvest Longevity of Antirrhinum majus L. Cut Flowers to Short-lived Colored Lines

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 401E-401
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Schroeder ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Single Seed Descent ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Selection For

Postharvest longevity (PHL) is important in determining quality and consumer preference of cut flowers; thus, it remains a pressing problem for the florist industry. Information on genetics and heritability of cut flower PHL is lacking. This study focused on determining gene numbers and inheritance of Antirrhinum majus L. cut flower PHL. An inbred backcross population was generated from a yellow short-lived (YS; 6d PHL) and a white long-lived (WL; 14 d PHL) inbred. F1 hybrids were backcrossed reciprocally three times to each parent. Parental backcross (BC) populations contained 55 to 65 lines. Lines within each BC generation were self-fertilized three generations by single-seed descent without selection to produce BC1S3, BC2S3, and BC3S3 generations. Cut flowers from all generations were evaluated together for PHL in deionized water. Gene numbers were estimated using confidence intervals and the proportion of non-parental BC lines. Continuous variation, estimates of a minimum of two to four genes controlling PHL, and significant environmental variation suggest selection for increased PHL would be successfu,l but slow. A negative correlation between PHL and yellow flower color was detected in this study. In spite of that fact, mean PHL of the yellow flowered inbred lines improved 1 to 2 d when backcrossing to YS and 3 to 4 d when backcrossing to WL without selection. Thus, inbred backcrossing to a long-lived parent with selection for flower color should make acquisition of longlived colored lines attainable.

scholarly journals Water Loss Changes of Antirrhinum majus L. Cut Flowers as Influenced by Genotype

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 482G-483
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Stimart ◽  
Kenneth R. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flowering Stem ◽  
Postharvest Life

Cut flowers of a short(S) lived (3 days) inbred, a long(L) lived (15 days) inbred and their hybrid (F1, 7.3 days) of Antirrhinum majus L. were evaluated for water loss when held in deionized water under continuous fluorescent light at 25°C. Flowering stems for water loss evaluation were harvested when the basal five to six florets expanded. Cut stems were placed in narrowed-necked bottles with the open area between the stem and bottle sealed with Parafilm. Stem weight and water weight in the bottle were taken every 24 h. Water loss evaluation was continued until 50% of the open florets on the flowering stem wilted or turned brown. Overall, water loss from all accessions was highest 24 h postharvest, declined rapidly between 24 to 96 h, and remained unchanged throughout the remainder of postharvest life. Between 24 to 96 h, the slope of the line for water loss was greatest for L, least for S, and intermediate for the F1. It appears that longest postharvest life of A. majus is associated with the most rapid decline of water loss immediately postharvest to a level, which remains constant.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Two Growing Systems for Cut Snapdragon Production: Tray vs. Ground Bed

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
K. Jacquemin Sullivan ◽  
C.C. Pasian
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicator ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Subjective Quality ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Objective Quality ◽  
Flower Quality

Cut-flower production of three snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) cultivars (`Potomac Pink', `Winter White', and `Potomac Light Pink') in growing trays vs. ground beds was evaluated in five different plantings over a period of a year and a half. The experiments evaluated the quality of cut flowers from plants in ground beds or in small vs. large trays either raised or placed directly on the ground bed. The quality of flowering shoots was lower when plants were grown in raised trays rather than in on-ground trays or in ground beds, but other treatments did not affect quality consistently. Flowering shoot grade (a subjective quality indicator) correlated well (r = 0.8) with the ratio of shoot dryweight to shoot length (an objective quality indicator). Our results confirm that the flower quality of snapdragons grown on ground trays can equal that of those grown in ground beds.

scholarly journals Stomatal Density in Antirrhinum majus L.: Inheritance and Trends with Development

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1252-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Martin ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Single Seed Descent ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Advanced Generation ◽  
Over Time

Stomatal density during plant development and inheritance of the trait were investigated with the goal of utilizing stomatal density as a correlated trait to cutflower postharvest longevity in Antirrhinum majus L. Inbred P1 (stomatal index = 0.2) was hybridized to inbred P2 (stomatal index = 0.3) to produce F1 (P1 × P2), which was backcrossed to each parent producing BCP1 (F1 × P1) and BCP2 (F1 × P2). P1, P2, F1, BCP1, and BCP2 were used to examine changes in stomatal density with plant development and early generation inheritance. An F2 (F1 self-pollinated), and F3, F4, and F5 families, derived by self-pollination and single seed descent, were used to obtain information on advanced generation inheritance. Stomatal density was stable over time and with development of leaves at individual nodes after seedlings reached two weeks of age. Therefore, stomatal density can be evaluated after two weeks of plant development from a leaf at any node. Stomatal density is quantitatively inherited with narrow sense heritabilities of h2F2:F3 = 0.47 to 0.49, h2F3:F4 = 0.37 ± 0.06 to 0.60 ± 0.07, and h2F4:F5 = 0.47 ± 0.07 to 0.50 ± 0.07.

scholarly journals Continuous Automatic Measurement of Water Uptake and Water Loss of Cut Flower Stems

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peitao Lü ◽  
Xinmin Huang ◽  
Hongmei Li ◽  
Jiping Liu ◽  
Shenggen He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Data ◽  
Cut Rose ◽  
Loss Rates

In studying the postharvest water relations of cut flowers, researchers aim to determine rates of water uptake and water loss along with changes in fresh weight. An automatic apparatus was devised for continuous monitoring of these indices. The novel apparatus consists of two balances automatically recording mass at a relatively high data acquisition rate (min−1), a personal computer, two containers, and plastic tubing. The apparatus is accurate, labor-saving, and real-time. It enabled dynamic synchronous recording of water uptake as well as fresh weight of the cut flower stem, from which precise water uptake loss rates during vase life can be accurately determined. Rates of water uptake and water loss of individual cut rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Movie Star) stems were measured using the apparatus under alternating 12-h light and dark periods. Both water uptake and water loss rates fluctuated with the light to dark shift over 120 h of observation. Stem fresh weight increased rapidly over the first 40 h of vase period and decreased gradually thereafter. Cut lily (Lilium hybrida cv. Yellow Overlord) stems showed similar trends in water uptake and water loss rate to cut rose stems. The accuracy and sensitivity of the new apparatus was validated by comparison with manual weighing using a balance at 2-h intervals under alternating 12-h light and dark periods over 108 h. The apparatus described here constitutes a suitable method for direct measurement of water uptake and fresh weight, including capturing relatively rapid water balance responses to changes in the postharvest environment.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE TO EXTEND THE LONGEVITY OF CUT FLOWERS

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 503E-503
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Macnish ◽  
Ria T. Leonard ◽  
Terril A. Nell
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Gerbera Jamesonii ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

The postharvest longevity of fresh-cut flowers is often limited by the accumulation of bacteria in vase water and flower stems. Aqueous chlorine dioxide is a strong biocide with potential application for sanitizing cut flower solutions. We evaluated the potential of chlorine dioxide to prevent the build-up of bacteria in vase water and extend the longevity of cut Matthiola incana `Ruby Red', Gypsophila paniculata `Crystal' and Gerbera jamesonii `Monarch' flowers. Fresh-cut flower stems were placed into sterile vases containing deionized water and either 0.0 or 2 μL·L–1 chlorine dioxide. Flower vase life was then judged at 21 ± 0.5 °C and 40% to 60% relative humidity. Inclusion of 2 μL·L–1 chlorine dioxide in vase water extended the longevity of Matthiola, Gypsophila and Gerbera flowers by 2.2, 3.5, and 3.4 days, respectively, relative to control flowers (i.e., 0 μL·L–1). Treatment with 2 μL·L–1 chlorine dioxide reduced the build-up of aerobic bacteria in vase water for 6 to 9 days of vase life. For example, addition of 2 μL·L–1 chlorine dioxide to Gerbera vase water reduced the number of bacteria that grew by 2.4- to 2.8-fold, as compared to control flower water. These results confirm the practical value of chlorine dioxide treatments to reduce the accumulation of bacteria in vase water and extend the display life of cut flowers.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of Cut-flower Longevity in Antirrhinum majus

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Schroeder ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Dominance Model ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Epistatic Model ◽  
Generation Means ◽  
Generation Means Analysis ◽  
Postharvest Longevity

Genetics of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) cut flower postharvest longevity (PHL) was investigated by generation means analysis using a white short-lived inbred (WS) and white long-lived inbred (WL) to determine mode of inheritance and heritability. Broad and narrow sense PHL heritability was estimated at 78% and 30%, respectively. Scaling tests for adequacy of an additive-dominance model in explaining PHL inheritance suggested absence of epistasis. However, joint scaling indicated digenic or higher order epistatic interactions. Fitting of a digenic epistatic model revealed significant additive effects and nonsignificant dominance and epistatic interactions. Additionally, based on sequential model fittings all six parameters [mean, additive (a), dominance (d), a×a, d×d, and a×d] proved necessary to explain observed PHL variation. Continuous variation for PHL observed in the F2 and backcross generations suggests PHL is quantitative. Assessment of associated traits revealed a positive relationship between number of flowers opening postharvest on a cut flower and PHL. In addition, floret wilting led to short PHL while floret browning was associated with long PHL.

scholarly journals Genetics of Postharvest Longevity and Quality Traits in Late Generation Crosses of Antirrhinum majus L.

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Weber ◽  
William J. Martin ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Additive Component ◽  
Late Generation ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Genotypic Correlations

Progeny of 158 F5 × F5 crosses of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) selected within and among cut flower postharvest longevity (PHL) categories (long = 12.6-16.8 days, middle = 9.3-12.1 days, and short = 4.8-8.9 days) were evaluated for PHL and quality traits. Results were compared with previous studies involving F2 × F2 progeny, and F3, F4, and F5 inbred lines. Heritability of PHL in F5 × F5 progeny (0.77 ± 0.11) agrees with that of inbred lines (0.79 to 0.81) but is higher than in F2 × F2 progeny (0.41). Therefore, selection for increased PHL should progress more rapidly and predictably through application of inbred lines rather than F2 individuals. Significant differences between F5 × F5 progeny PHL categories confirm PHL is heritable with a significant additive component. Heritabilities of quality traits in A. majus are high, suggesting selection for quality traits should progress without difficulty. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations of PHL with quality traits are not consistently significant across PHL studies in A. majus. Discrepancies between studies suggest most traits may not be correlated to PHL or are subject to strong environmental influence.

scholarly journals 662 Genetics and Physiology of Postharvest Cut Flower Longevity

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 562B-562
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Stimart ◽  
Kenneth R. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Deionized Water ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Generation Means ◽  
Generation Means Analysis ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Efforts to improve postharvest longevity of fresh-cut flowers has only recently turned toward selection and breeding. Conventional methods to extend keeping longevity of cut flowers depend on use of chemical treatment placed in holding solutions. Postharvest longevity studies were initiated with Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) to determine: if natural genetic variation existed for cut-flower longevity, the inheritance of the trait, heritability, and associated physiology. Evaluation of commercial inbreds held in deionized water revealed a range in cut-flower longevity from a couple of days to 2.5 weeks. The shortest- and longestlived inbreds were used as parents in crosses to study the aforementioned areas of interest. Information will be presented on inheritance of cut flower longevity based on populations evaluated from matings for generation means analysis and inbred backcross method. Also presented will be information on stomata, transpiration, carbohydrate, fresh-weight change, and forcing temperature relative to postharvest longevity.

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