Evidence for the Application of Emerging Technologies to Accelerate Crop Improvement – A Collaborative Pipeline to Introgress Herbicide Tolerance Into Chickpea

Accelerating genetic gain in crop improvement is required to ensure improved yield and yield stability under increasingly challenging climatic conditions. This case study demonstrates the effective confluence of innovative breeding technologies within a collaborative breeding framework to develop and rapidly introgress imidazolinone Group 2 herbicide tolerance into an adapted Australian chickpea genetic background. A well-adapted, high-yielding desi cultivar PBA HatTrick was treated with ethyl methanesulfonate to generate mutations in the ACETOHYDROXYACID SYNTHASE 1 (CaAHAS1) gene. After 2 years of field screening with imidazolinone herbicide across >20 ha and controlled environment progeny screening, two selections were identified which exhibited putative herbicide tolerance. Both selections contained the same single amino acid substitution, from alanine to valine at position 205 (A205V) in the AHAS1 protein, and KASP™ markers were developed to discriminate between tolerant and intolerant genotypes. A pipeline combining conventional crossing and F2 production with accelerated single seed descent from F2:4 and marker-assisted selection at F2 rapidly introgressed the herbicide tolerance trait from one of the mutant selections, D15PAHI002, into PBA Seamer, a desi cultivar adapted to Australian cropping areas. Field evaluation of the derivatives of the D15PAHI002 × PBA Seamer cross was analyzed using a factor analytic mixed model statistical approach designed to accommodate low seed numbers resulting from accelerated single seed descent. To further accelerate trait introgression, field evaluation trials were undertaken concurrent with crop safety testing trials. In 2020, 4 years after the initial cross, an advanced line selection CBA2061, bearing acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor tolerance and agronomic and disease resistance traits comparable to parent PBA Seamer, was entered into Australian National Variety Trials as a precursor to cultivar registration. The combination of cross-institutional collaboration and the application of novel pre-breeding platforms and statistical technologies facilitated a 3-year saving compared to a traditional breeding approach. This breeding pipeline can be used as a model to accelerate genetic gain in other self-pollinating species, particularly food legumes.

Evaluasi Metode Seleksi Populasi F3 Tanaman Kedelai Berdasarkan Heritabilitas dan Kemajuan Seleksi

Dalam upaya mendapatkan varietas unggul dibutuhkan metode seleksi yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode seleksi yang sesuai pada populasi F3. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai Oktober sampai Desember 2020 di desa Raya Usang Kecamatan Dolok Masagal, kabupaten Simalungun. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Augmented. Setiap individu tanaman ditanam dalam baris sesuai metode seleksi (single seed descent, bulk dan pedigree). Tetua ditanam sebanyak tiga ulangan. Jarak tanam yang digunakan 20 x 30 cm. Karakter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, umur berbunga, jumlah cabang, jumlah polong, bobot biji pertanaman dan bobot 100 biji. Data yang diamati untuk setiap individu tanaman dilakukan untuk mencari ragam genetik, kemajuan genetik harapan (KGH) dan nilai duga heritabilitas arti luas (h2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode seleksi single seed descent (SSD) menghasilkan nilai heritabilitas tinggi untuk karakter jumlah cabang dan bobot 100 biji sedangkan metode seleksi pedigree dan bulk menghasilkan nilai heritabilitas tinggi untuk karakter jumlah polong pertanaman dan bobot 100 biji. Metode seleksi SSD dan pedigree menghasilkan nilai kemajuan genetik harapan tinggi hanya untuk karakter jumlah polong pertanaman, sedangkan metode seleksi bulk menghasilkan nilai kemajuan genetik harapan tinggi untuk karakter jumlah cabang dan jumlah polong pertanaman. Metode seleksi bulk merupakan metode seleksi terbaik pada generasi awal (F3).

The Development of a European and Mediterranean Chickpea Association Panel (EMCAP)

Association panels represent a useful tool for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and pre-breeding. In this study, we report on the development of a European and Mediterranean chickpea association panel as a useful tool for gene discovery and breeding. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important food legumes worldwide and a key crop in the Mediterranean environments. The selection of genotypes followed criteria aimed to build a set of materials representative of the genetic diversity of chickpea germplasm focusing on the European and Mediterranean environments, which have largely been ignored to date. This tool can help breeders to develop novel varieties adapted to European and Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. Initially, 1931 chickpea accessions were phenotypically evaluated in a field trial in central Italy. From these, an association panel composed by 480 genotypes derived from single-seed descent was identified and phenotypically evaluated. Current and future phenotypic data combined with the genotypic characterization of the association panel will allow to dissect the genetic architecture of important adaptive and quality traits and accelerate breeding. This information can be used to predict phenotypes of unexploited chickpea genetic resources available in genebanks for breeding.

PENDUGAAN PARAMETER GENETIK DAN SELEKSI POPULASI SORGUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) HASIL PENGGALURAN DENGAN METODE SINGLE SEED DESCENT

Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) merupakan tanaman serealia yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pangan, pakan, dan bioetanol. Sorgum mempunyai potensi besar untuk dijadikan tanaman pangan di Indonesia karena tanaman ini toleran terhadap kekeringan dan genangan air, dapat berproduksi pada lahan marginal, serta relatif tahan terhadap gangguan hama dan penyakit. Produktivitas sorgum di Indonesia masih rendah. Hal ini disebabkan karena varietas unggul di Indonesia masih terbatas. Varietas unggul sorgum nasional yang ada saat ini dikembangkan melalui teknik mutasi dan introduksi, sedangkan melalui teknik persilangan belum banyak dilakukan. Upaya peningkatan produktivitas sorgum di Indonesia harus didukung oleh ketersediaan varietas unggul sorgum yang adaptif dan berdaya hasil tinggi di Indonesia. Perakitan varietas sorgum berdaya hasil tinggi melalui persilangan telah dilakukan sehingga diperoleh galur-galur sorgum yang siap diuji daya hasil dan kemampuan adaptasinya di Indonesia.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) mendapatkan informasi tentang keragaman pada populasi F4 dan F5 yang diperoleh melalui metode penggaluran single seed descent hasil persilangan antara B69 dengan Numbu, (2) mendapatkan informasi tentang keeratan hubungan antara karakter agronomi dengan daya hasil, (3) melakukan seleksi galur harapan sorgum berdasarkan daya hasil serta memiliki keseragaman yang rendah dalam galurnya terutama pada karakter tinggi tanaman dan bobot biji malai-1. Penelitian terdiri dari dua percobaan, yaitu (1) analisis keragaman populasi F4 hasil single seed descent dari persilangan B69 dan Numbu, (2) pendugaan nilai parameter genetik dan seleksi galur-galur inbreed F5. Percobaan pertama dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Leuwikopo, Dramaga, Bogor dengan ketinggian 240 m dpl dan suhu rata-rata 25.8 0C pada bulan Februari sampai Mai 2014. Materi genetik yang digunakan adalah populasi F4 dan 2 varietas kontrol berupa B69 dan Numbu. Percobaan kedua dilakukan pada bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2014 di Dramaga, Bogor dengan suhu rata-rata 27.4 0C. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan augmented design. Materi genetik yang digunakan adalah 201 RILs F5 hasil persilangan B69 x Numbu dan 4 varietas kontrol yaitu Numbu, Samurai-1, Samurai-2, dan galur mutan B69. Hasil penelitian pertama menunjukkan nilai tengah populasi F4 pada karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang malai, lingkar malai, bobot malai, bobot seribu biji, dan bobot biji malai-1 berada di antara nilai tengah kedua tetua, sementara karakter diameter batang memiliki nilai tengah lebih tinggi dari kedua tetua. Seluruh karakter agronomi memiliki sebaran normal, bersifat poligenik dan dipengaruhi oleh aksi gen aditif. Heritabilitas yang tinggi dan keragaman genetik yang luas terdapat pada diameter batang, bobot malai, dan bobot biji malai-1. Metode single seed descent dapat mempertahankan nilai heritabilitas yang tinggi dan keragaman genetik yang luas sampai generasi F4. Hasil analisis ragam pada penelitian kedua menunjukan bahwa RILs F5 yang diuji berbeda nyata pada karakter periode pengisian biji, tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang malai, lingkar malai, bobot malai, dan bobot biji malai-1. Disamping itu pada populasi RILs F5 menunjukan bahwa galur-galur yang diuji memperlihatkan keragaman genetik yang luas dan heritabilitas tinggi pada karakter periode pengisian biji, tinggi, tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang malai, lingkar malai, bobot malai, dan bobot biji malai-1. Terdapat RIL F5 yang memiliki ragam dalam galur lebih rendah dan memiliki daya hasil lebih baik dibanding kedua tetua. Seleksi berdasarkan bobot biji malai-1 meningkatkan hasil 35.3% namun tinggi tanaman meningkat 5%. Seleksi berdasarkan bobot biji malai-1 dan tinggi tanaman meningkatkan hasil 21% dan mengurangi tinggi tanaman 6,9%. Hal ini memberikan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan varietas unggul dengan tinggi tanaman yang lebih pendek. Galur-galur RIL terpilih dapat dilanjutkan untuk pengujian daya hasil pendahuluan.

Feijão vagem UENF Goytacá: uma nova opção para pequenos produtores

RESUMO A cultivar de feijão vagem UENF Goytacá, registrada no Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuário e Abastecimento, foi obtida após a geração F6 pelo método de melhoramento Single Seed Descent (SSD). Pertence ao Programa de Melhoramento de feijão vagem da UENF que consiste de mais de uma década de pesquisa com a cultura, objetivando a recomendação de cultivares para as regiões Norte e Noroeste Fluminense do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Essa cultivar possui hábito de crescimento indeterminado (tipo IV) e porte trepador, características de interesse por atingirem maiores produções. Apresenta dupla aptidão, sendo destinada tanto para o consumo da vagem fresca quanto da vagem seca, com produtividade de grãos desejável, em torno de 4,28 t ha-1. Além de sua versatilidade de uso, possui ciclo e velocidade de desenvolvimento do hábito trepador médio; número médio de vagens equivalente a 83,93; comprimento médio de vagem de 15cm; grau de curvatura fraca a média, e grau de ternura média. Ensaios para o pedido de proteção da cultivar estão sendo concluídos com a finalidade de realizar sua produção e distribuição.

Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [ S orghum bicolor (L.) Moench] RILS F5 derived from single seed descent

The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.