This paper proposes the “citizen-ecology-city” evaluation framework for urban ecological livability theoretically and studies the ecological livability of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) empirically. In addition, we analyze the factors of urban ecological livability in a spatial dynamic panel model. The results are as follows. (1) Ecological livability levels of Macao and Hong Kong are significantly higher than the nine cities in the PRD; (2) Shenzhen and Guangzhou lead the nine cities in the PRD, while Jiangmen and Zhaoqing perform poorly; (3) GBA cities can be divided into three categories: Macao, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou in the first tier; Zhuhai, Foshan, and Dongguan in the second tier; Huizhou, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing in the third tier; and (4) The ecological livability of the GBA cities has a characteristic of spatial correlation. In terms of the international value, the three-dimensional evaluation framework can apply to other bay areas in the world.
Spatial Dynamic Panel Model and System GMM: A Monte Carlo Investigation
