Objectives Hispanics with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the United States have more severe disease and damage accrual compared with whites. Data on Hispanics of similar ancestry in geographically different locations is limited but essential in defining genetic and environmental factors for SLE. This study evaluates SLE disease burden in two Dominican communities, Washington Heights in New York City (NYC) and Santiago in the Dominican Republic (DR). Methods Disease activity (SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K)) and damage (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI)) were cross-sectionally measured in 76 Dominican SLE patients from the Columbia University Lupus Cohort in NYC and compared with 75 Dominican SLE patients living in Santiago in the DR. Results Mean (±SD) age was 40 (±14) and 36 (±11) years for NYC and DR patients, respectively. Median disease duration was 8 years. Disease activity was mild in both groups (SLEDAI-2K of 3 in NYC versus 4 in the DR). NYC Dominicans had more discoid lesions, positive anti-dsDNA, and anti-SSB antibodies. Dominicans in the DR used more corticosteroids, had less medical insurance, lower educational level, and were more likely to be unemployed, whereas more Dominicans in NYC smoked. NYC patients had a higher SDI compared with SLE patients in the DR (0.96 versus 0.24, p < 0.0001). Statistical significance was maintained in adjusted analysis (1.26 versus 0.57, p < 0.0001). Conclusion SLE Dominican patients in NYC had a higher SDI than those in the DR. Longitudinal studies are needed to ascertain whether this difference is due to biological, environmental factors, immigration patterns or a survival bias.
Environmental Factors Influencing Urban Homicide Clearance Rates: A Spatial Analysis of New York City