INTERACTION OF SILDENAFIL WITH HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS: A REVIEW

The crucial need for safe and healthy aquatic animals obligates researchers in aquaculture to investigate alternative and beneficial additives. Medicinal herbals and their extracts are compromised with diverse effects on the performances of aquatic animals. These compounds can affect growth performance and stimulate the immune system when used in fish diet. In addition, the use of medicinal herbs and their extracts can reduce oxidative stress induced by several stressors during fish culture. Correspondingly, aquatic animals could gain increased resistance against infectious pathogens and environmental stressors. Nevertheless, the exact mode of action where these additives can affect aquatic animals’ performances is still not well documented. Understanding the mechanistic role of herbal supplements and their derivatives is a vital tool to develop further the strategies and application of these additives for feasible and sustainable aquaculture. Gene-related studies have clarified the detailed information on the herbal supplements’ mode of action when administered orally in aquafeed. Several review articles have presented the potential roles of medicinal herbs on the performances of aquatic animals. However, this review article discusses the outputs of studies conducted on aquatic animals fed dietary, medicinal herbs, focusing on the gene expression related to growth and immune performances. Furthermore, a particular focus is directed to the expected influence of herbal supplements on the reproduction of aquatic animals.

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Herbal Supplements

Nursing Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher Ty Williams

Keyword(s):

Herbal Supplements

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Health Information Provided by Retail Health Food Outlets

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1155/2000/878212 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 767-771 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jaclyn Calder ◽

Robert Issenman ◽

Ruth Cawdron

Keyword(s):

Information Sources ◽

Nutritional Supplements ◽

The Internet ◽

Local Health ◽

Research Assistant ◽

Health Food ◽

Herbal Supplements ◽

Alternative Health ◽

Food Stores ◽

Source Of Information

Alternative health practices have become increasingly popular in recent years. Many patients visit specific complementary practitioners, while others attempt to educate themselves, trusting advice from employees at local health food stores or the Internet. Thirty-two retail health food stores were surveyed on the nature of the information provided by their staff. A research assistant visited the stores and presented as the mother of a child in whom Crohn’s disease had been diagnosed. Seventy-two per cent (23 of 32) of store employees offered advice, such as to take nutritional and herbal supplements. Of the 23 stores where recommendations were made, 15 (65%) based their recommendation on a source of information. Fourteen of the 15 stores using information sources used the same reference book. This had a significant impact on the recommendations; the use of nutritional supplements was favoured. In conclusion, retail health food stores are not as inconsistent as hypothesized, although there are many variances in the types of supplements recommended for the same chronic disease.

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Chinese herbal supplements the cause of thyrotoxicosis

Pathology ◽

10.1097/pat.0b013e32835c879e ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 185-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Goce Dimeski ◽

Guy Lampe ◽

Nigel N. Brown

Keyword(s):

Herbal Supplements ◽

Chinese Herbal

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A surgeon’s guide to herbal supplements

Journal of Surgical Research ◽

10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00130-6 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Deron J Tessier ◽

Deborah S Bash

Keyword(s):

Herbal Supplements

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Lack of Effect of Ginkgo biloba on Voriconazole Pharmacokinetics in Chinese Volunteers Identified as CYP2C19 Poor and Extensive Metabolizers

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1l537 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 726-731 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

He-Ping Lei ◽

Guo Wang ◽

Lian-Sheng Wang ◽

Dong-sheng Ou-yang ◽

Hao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Poor Metabolizers ◽

Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽

Extensive Metabolizers ◽

Herbal Supplements ◽

Time Curve ◽

Concentration Time ◽

Apparent Clearance ◽

Randomized Crossover Study

Background: Ginkgo biloba is one of the most popular herbal supplements in the world. The supplement has been shown to induce the enzymatic activity of CYP2C19, the main cytochrome P450 isozyme involved in voriconazole metabolism. Because this enzyme exhibits genetic polymorphism, the inductive effect was expected to be modulated by the CYP2C19 metabolizer status. Objective: To examine the possible effects of Ginkgo biloba as an inducer of CYP2C19 on single-dose pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in Chinese volunteers genotyped as either CVP2C19 extensive or poor metabolizers. Methods: Fourteen healthy, nonsmoking volunteers–7 CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers (2C19*1/2C19*1) and 7 poor metabolizers (2C19*2/2C19*2)–were selected to participate in this study. Pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole 200 mg after administration of Ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily for 12 days were determined for up to 24 hours by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in a 2-phase randomized crossover study with 4-week washout between phases. Results: For extensive metabolizers, the median value for voriconazole area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-00) was 5.17 μg•h/mL after administration of voriconazole alone and 4.28 μg•/mL after voriconazole with Ginkgo biloba (p > 0.05). The other pharmacokinetic parameters of voriconazole such as AUC0-24, time to reach maximum concentration, half-life, and apparent clearance also did not change significantly for extensive metabolizers in the presence of Ginkgo biloba. Pharmacokinetic parameters followed a similar pattern for poor metabolizers. Conclusions: The results suggest that 12 days of treatment with Ginkgo biloba did not significantly alter the single-dose pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in either CYP2C19 extensive or poor metabolizers. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic interactions between voriconazole and Ginkgo biloba may have limited clinical significance.

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