scholarly journals Effect of precipitation on seasonal variability in cryptosporidiosis recorded by the North West England surveillance system in 1990–1999

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena N. Naumova ◽  
John Christodouleas ◽  
Paul R. Hunter ◽  
Qutub Syed
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
North West ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

The goal of this study was to examine temporal and spatial variability of reported cryptosporidiosis in 15 health authorities in the North West of England using regression modelling. We also examined the role of precipitation as a driving factor for seasonal variation. We separated the time series of the reported cryptosporidiosis into two processes: an endemic process and an epidemic process, and examined the spatial variability of each of these processes. In the North West region of England we observed a strong seasonal pattern that consists of two waves, spring and autumn, during which the weekly rates exceeded the endemic level 3.5 and 3 times, respectively. Health authorities with the high endemic cryptosporidiosis incidence and well-pronounced seasonal patterns exhibited a significant increase in rates of cryptosporidiosis associated with increased precipitation. The endemic level and the magnitude of epidemic peaks were inversely related, which might be indicative of multiple exposures to the pathogen in these localities and the development of some partial immunity.

Studies on antimalarial drug susceptibility in Colombia, in relation to Pfmdr1 and Pfcrt

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. RESTREPO-PINEDA ◽  
E. ARANGO ◽  
A. MAESTRE ◽  
V. E. DO ROSÁRIO ◽  
P. CRAVO
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Alternative Drugs

SUMMARYIn Colombia, Plasmodium resistance to antimalarials such as chloroquine and antifolates is a serious problem. As a result, the national Colombian health authorities are monitoring the efficacy of alternative drugs and schemes. The study of genetic polymorphisms related with drug resistance is required in the region. In vitro responses to chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, amodiaquine, desethylamodiaquine, artesunate and dihydroartesunate were carried out by HRP ELISA. SNP analysis in Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes was performed by PCR-RFLP in 77 samples from the North West region of Colombia. In vitro resistance to chloroquine was high (74%), followed by mefloquine (30%) and desethylamodiaquine (30%). A positive correlation between the IC50 of paired drugs was also detected. The allele Pfmdr1 N86 (wild) was present in 100% of the samples and 1246Y (mutant) in 92%. However, their presence did not correlate with in vitro drug resistance. Presence of the mutations K76T and N75E in Pfcrt was confirmed in all samples. Analysis of 4 codons (72, 74, 75 and 76) in pfcrt confirmed the presence of the haplotypes CMET in 91% and SMET in 9% of the samples.

scholarly journals Subsistence, Environment and Mesolithic Landscape Archaeology

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Since the 1970s, research into Mesolithic landscapes has been heavily influenced by economic models of human activity where patterns of settlement and mobility result from the relationship between subsistence practices and the environment. However, in reconstructing these patterns we have tended to generalize both the modes of subsistence and the temporal and spatial variability of the environment, and ignored the role that cultural practices played in the way subsistence tasks were organized. While more recent research has emphasized the importance that cultural practices played in the way landscapes were perceived and understood, these have tended to underplay the role of subsistence and have continued to consider the environment in a very generalized manner. This paper argues that we can only develop detailed accounts of Mesolithic landscapes by looking at the specific forms of subsistence practice and the complex relationships they created with the environment. It will also show that the inhabitation of Mesolithic landscapes was structured around cultural attitudes to particular places and to the environment, and that this can be seen archaeologically through practices of deposition and recursive patterns of occupation at certain sites.

scholarly journals I can’t say I wasn’t anticipating it, but I didn’t see it coming in this magnitude: A Qualitative Fieldwork Experience in the North West Region of Cameroon

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beryl Bamu ◽  
Elisabeth De Schauwer ◽  
Geert Van Hove
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Qualitative Researcher ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region ◽  
Fieldwork Experience ◽  
Northwest Region

This article draws explicitly on the fieldwork challenging experiences of an ongoing PhD study which seeks to explore the role of the community in the inclusion of people with disabilities in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. It is apparent that every qualitative researcher undertaking fieldwork anticipate being confronted with challenges and difficulties in the process. Nevertheless, in spite of the anticipation of these challenges and complexity that exist in the field, as well as prior preparation, fieldwork can still be a very intense and challenging experience. This is because many unanticipated encounters arise during fieldwork, which the researchers did not see coming. Whilst acknowledging that fieldwork in qualitative research can be challenging and complex, the unanticipated and underestimated magnitude and intensity of the challenges that occurred in undertaking qualitative fieldwork in the Northwest Region of Cameroon is the interest of this paper.

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