Sources of faecal indicator bacteria in a brackish, tropical stream and their impact on recreational water quality

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Roll ◽  
R. S. Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Recreational Water Quality ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sewage Contamination

This study assessed the contribution of water from a stream on the microbial quality of a swimming beach. The faecal indicator bacterial concentrations/100mL in Kaelepulu Stream greatly exceeded the three USEPA recreational water quality standards (200 faecal coliform, 126 E. coli, 33 enterococci). The primary sources for these indicator bacteria were determined to be environmental/non-point sources (tributary streams, storm drains, duck faeces, soil, rain). Sewage discharge is another, although sporadic source. Monitoring waters for C. perfringens was the most reliable indicator of sewage contamination primarily because soil is not a major source of this bacterium. Water from this inland system was a source of faecal indicator recovered from shoreline water samples obtained from Kailua Beach, one of the most popular beaches in the state of Hawaii.

Monitoring coastal marine waters for spore-forming bacteria of faecal and soil origin to determine point from non-point source pollution

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 181-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Point Source Pollution ◽  
Faecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Recreational Water Quality ◽  
Non Point Source Pollution

The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have established recreational water quality standards limiting the concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci) to ensure that these waters are safe for swimming. In the application of these hygienic water quality standards, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these faecal indicator bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we previously reported that these faecal indicator bacteria are able to grow in the soil environment of humid tropical island environments such as Hawaii and Guam and are transported at high concentrations into streams and storm drains by rain. Thus, streams and storm drains in Hawaii contain consistently high concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria which routinely exceed the EPA and WHO recreational water quality standards. Since, streams and storm drains eventually flow out to coastal marine waters, we hypothesize that all the coastal beaches which receive run-off from streams and storm drains will contain elevated concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the coastal waters at four beaches known to receive water from stream or storm drains for salinity, turbidity, and used the two faecal indicator bacteria (E. coli, enterococci) to establish recreational water quality standards. To determine if these coastal waters are contaminated with non-point source pollution (streams) or with point source pollution (sewage effluent), these same water samples were also assayed for spore-forming bacteria of faecal origin (Cl. perfringens) and of soil origin (Bacillus species). Using this monitoring strategy it was possible to determine when coastal marine waters were contaminated with non-point source pollution and when coastal waters were contaminated with point source pollution. The results of this study are most likely applicable to all countries in the warm and humid region of the world.

Sand, soil, and pigeon droppings: sources of indicator bacteria in the waters of Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Oshiro ◽  
Roger Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pigeon Droppings ◽  
Sand Land ◽  
Land Runoff

To investigate the deteriorating bacteriological water quality of Hanauma Bay, Hawaii, samples of shoreline water, sand, land runoff, and mongoose and pigeon droppings were analysed for fecal coliforms, E. coli and enterococci. The results indicate that the major sources contributing to periodic high levels of bacteria in the waters of the Bay are contaminants of the beach sand, such as pigeon feces.

scholarly journals Assessing the water quality of Suva foreshore for the establishment of estuary and marine recreational water guidelines in the Fiji Islands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praneel Pranesh Lal ◽  
Natacha Juste-Poinapen M.S.N. ◽  
Johann Poinapen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Sampling Programme ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
River Site

Abstract The Standards for water quality in Fiji defined in the Environment Management Regulations (2007) only relate to effluent discharge into the environment. Urbanisation is contributing to wastewater contamination in receiving estuary and marine recreational waters, thus requiring specific guidelines. To create a baseline for this, a sampling programme with relevant physico-chemical and biological parameters was implemented at 3 sites along the Suva foreshore, for 8 consecutive months, during low and high tides. Analysis was done in triplicates, using standard methods approved for the examination of water and wastewater. In the absence of relevant Fiji guidelines, the results were compared with ANZECC (2000) guidelines for estuary and marine waters. Low DO levels, high COD, TN, NH3, TP, OP and heavy metal concentrations were measured in all 3 sites. For instance, TN and NH3 concentrations as high as 4.44 ±0.99 mg/L and 2.58 ± 0.89 mg/L respectively were recorded in Wailea river (Site 2). The colony counts for the TC, FC and E. coli were in most cases above the limits. These results confirm that wastewater discharges add to the inherent levels of parameters in receiving water bodies and support the need for a specific, robust Fiji standards to better monitor water quality in foreshore areas.

Effects of bathing intensity, rainfall events, and location on the recreational water quality of stream pools in southern Ecuador

Chemosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 243 ◽  
pp. 125442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Iñiguez-Armijos ◽  
Julissa Sánchez ◽  
Marielena Villareal ◽  
Silvio Aguilar ◽  
Daniel Rosado
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Recreational Water Quality ◽  
Southern Ecuador

scholarly journals Sources of microbiological contamination in sachet water from Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-208
Author(s):  
Asli Aslan ◽  
Haresh Rochani ◽  
Oghenekpaobor Oyibo ◽  
J. Edward Dotherow ◽  
Kendall W. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sewage Contamination ◽  
Sachet Water

Abstract Sachet water is one of the primary sources of drinking water in rapidly growing countries. A study to assess the microbiological quality of sachet water in 21 different brands was conducted in Ghana. Culturable total coliform was positive in 87% of the samples collected, where Escherichia coli colonies were absent. The analysis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction results indicated the presence of E. coli genes in 44.6% of the samples, with the highest concentration up to 3,166 CCE/100 ml. Microbial source tracking analyses showed that the source of E. coli genes did not originate from sewage contamination because the human-associated HF183 marker was not detected. Of the 175 samples tested, 71% did not mention any water treatment before filling the packages. These results suggest non-human sources of contamination, such as biofilm formation in the pipelines used to fill these packages due to poor disinfection. Our study shows an urgent need for increased regulation and standardized manufacturing of sachet water to ensure safe drinking water.

Bacterial aspects of recreational water quality of lakes in the Tyrolean Alps

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 1530-1535
Author(s):  
F. Tiefenbrunner ◽  
E. Schaber ◽  
A. Steinkasserer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Recreational Water Quality

Impact of recreation on recreational water quality of a small tropical stream

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn Arlene Teresa Phillip ◽  
Peter Antoine ◽  
Vincent Cooper ◽  
Lorraine Francis ◽  
Erin Mangal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Tropical Stream ◽  
Recreational Water Quality

scholarly journals Human-Associated Bacteroides spp. and Human Polyomaviruses as Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Hawaii

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 6757-6767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kirs ◽  
Roberto A. Caffaro-Filho ◽  
Mayee Wong ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood ◽  
Philip Moravcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sewage Contamination

ABSTRACTIdentification of sources of fecal contaminants is needed to (i) determine the health risk associated with recreational water use and (ii) implement appropriate management practices to mitigate this risk and protect the environment. This study evaluated human-associatedBacteroidesspp. (HF183TaqMan) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) markers for host sensitivity and specificity using human and animal fecal samples collected in Hawaii. The decay rates of those markers and indicator bacteria were identified in marine and freshwater microcosms exposed and not exposed to sunlight, followed by field testing of the usability of the molecular markers. Both markers were strongly associated with sewage, although the cross-reactivity of the HF183TaqMan (also present in 82% of canine [n= 11], 30% of mongoose [n= 10], and 10% of feline [n= 10] samples) needs to be considered. Concentrations of HF183TaqMan in human fecal samples exceeded those in cross-reactive animals at least 1,000-fold. In the absence of sunlight, the decay rates of both markers were comparable to the die-off rates of enterococci in experimental freshwater and marine water microcosms. However, in sunlight, the decay rates of both markers were significantly lower than the decay rate of enterococci. While both markers have their individual limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity, these limitations can be mitigated by using both markers simultaneously; ergo, this study supports the concurrent use of HF183TaqMan and HPyV markers for the detection of sewage contamination in coastal and inland waters in Hawaii.IMPORTANCEThis study represents an in-depth characterization of microbial source tracking (MST) markers in Hawaii. The distribution and concentrations of HF183TaqMan and HPyV markers in human and animal fecal samples and in wastewater, coupled with decay data obtained from sunlight-exposed and unexposed microcosms, support the concurrent application of HF183TaqMan and HPyV markers for sewage contamination detection in Hawaii waters. Both markers are more conservative and more specific markers of sewage than fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci andEscherichia coli). Analysis of HF183TaqMan (or newer derivatives) is recommended for inclusion in future epidemiological studies concerned with beach water quality, while better concentration techniques are needed for HPyV. Such epidemiological studies can be used to develop new recreational water quality criteria, which will provide direct information on the absence or presence of sewage contamination in water samples as well as reliable measurements of the risk of waterborne disease transmission to swimmers.

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