Editorial (Thematic Issues: Basic and Clinical Aspects of Melatonin in the Gastrointestinal Tract. New Advancements and Future Perspectives)

Based on the development of new hybrid machines consisting of an MRI and a linear accelerator, magnetic resonance image guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) has revolutionized the field of adaptive treatment in recent years. Although an increasing number of studies have been published, investigating technical and clinical aspects of this technique for various indications, utilizations of MRgRT for adaptive treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC) remains in its infancy. Yet, the possible benefits of this novel technology for HNC patients, allowing for better soft-tissue delineation, intra- and interfractional treatment monitoring and more frequent plan adaptations appear more than obvious. At the same time, new technical, clinical, and logistic challenges emerge. The purpose of this article is to summarize and discuss the rationale, recent developments, and future perspectives of this promising radiotherapy modality for treating HNC.

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On the history and some characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Review. Part 1

Clinical endocrinology and endocrine surgery ◽

10.30978/cees-2021-2-60 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 60-72

Author(s):

S. Rybakov

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Secretory Activity ◽

Clinical Syndrome ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Diffuse Endocrine System ◽

Active Substances

The literature review is devoted to the analysis of numerous studies that have formed the basis for creating ideas about the diffuse endocrine system. In addition to the main endocrine glands, also there are cellular accumulations and individual cells that produce various hormones and biologically active substances. It is established that, in particular, in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, starting from the esophagus and to the terminal parts of the large intestine, there are several types of endocrine cells with these functions. Most of them are in the pancreas, antrum of the stomach, duodenum, the initial part of the intestine, in the liver. Excessive secretory activity of these cells can cause the development of pathological clinical syndromes, characterized by the effect of the corresponding hormones. The morphological substrate of such syndromes may be tumors or diffuse hyperplasia of the corresponding cells. The author considers the pancreas as an integral part of the diffuse endocrine system, as specific endocrine functions in it perform numerous accumulations (islets of Langerhans) or individual cells. The review of the numerous neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract examines in detail the characteristics of some of them in historical and clinical aspects, in particular insulinoma as the most common and well-studied tumor. Glucagonoma is also considered as a neuroendocrine tumor derived from α-cells of the pancreas, is a kind of insulinoma antagonist, as it secretes an excess of the hormone glucagon, causing the development of hyperglycemic clinical syndrome in contrast to hypoglycemic, caused by insulin. It is a rare tumor and its consideration after insulinoma can be explained by the antagonistic nature of the action of hormones produced by these tumors. In the group of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, glucagonoma follows the frequency of insulinoma and gastrinoma.

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On the history and some characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Part 2

Clinical endocrinology and endocrine surgery ◽

10.30978/cees-2021-3-70 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 70-81

Author(s):

S. I. Rybakov

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Secretory Activity ◽

Clinical Syndrome ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Clinical Syndromes ◽

Diffuse Endocrine System ◽

Active Substances

The literature review presents the analysis of numerous studies that have formed the basis for creating ideas about the diffuse endocrine system,namely existence of the cellular accumulations and individual cells that produce various hormones and biologically active substances in addition to the main endocrine glands. Several types of endocrine cells with these functionshave been established, in particular, in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, starting from the esophagus and up to the terminal parts of the large intestine. Most of them are contained in the pancreas, antrum of the stomach, duodenum, the initial part of the intestine, in the liver. Excessive secretory activity of these cells can cause the development of pathological clinical syndromes, characterized by the effects of the corresponding hormones. The tumors or diffuse hyperplasia of the corresponding cellsmay present morphological substrate of such syndromes. The author considers the pancreas as an integral part of the diffuse endocrine system, as specific endocrine functions in it perform numerous accumulations (islets of Langerhans) or individual cells. The review of the numerous neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract examines in detail the characteristics of some of them in historical and clinical aspects, in particular Zollinger—Ellison syndrome as the most common and well-studied tumor. Glucagonoma is also considered as a neuroendocrine tumorderived from α-cells of the pancreas, is a kind of insulinoma antagonist, as it secretes an excess of the hormone glucagon, causing the development of hyperglycemic clinical syndrome in contrast to hypoglycemic, caused by insulin. It is a rare tumor and its consideration after insulinoma can be explained by the antagonistic nature of the action of hormones produced by these tumors. In the group of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, glucagonoma follows the frequency of insulinoma and gastrinoma.

Download Full-text