Facilitating the Reportage of Dreams with Semantic Cues

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey I. Botman ◽  
Herbert F. Crovitz
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Major Hypothesis

Three experiments investigated dream reports from the previous night. The major hypothesis tested was that the reportage of dreams could be facilitated with cues. Three different types of cues were examined: semantic cues related to the themes of dreams, event cues related to experiences from the day before the dream, and color-names. On the whole, cuing increased the reportage of dreams beyond free-recall, with semantic cues related to the theme of dreams being the most effective prompts. The results were discussed in terms of findings from the study of amnesia and theories of memory that emphasize the retrieval cuing.

scholarly journals Facilitating Word Retrieval in Aphasia: Which Type of Cues for Which Aphasic Speakers?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégoire Python ◽  
Pauline Pellet Cheneval ◽  
Caroline Bonnans ◽  
Marina Laganaro
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Phonological Errors ◽  
Omission Errors

Background: Even if both phonological and semantic cues can facilitate word retrieval in aphasia, it remains unclear if their respective effectiveness varies according to the underlying anomic profile.Aim: The aim of the present facilitation study is to compare the effect of phonological and semantic cues on picture naming accuracy and speed in different types of anomia.Methods: In the present within-subject design study, 15 aphasic persons following brain damage underwent picture naming paradigms with semantic cues (categorically- or associatively related) and phonological cues (initial phoneme presented auditorily, visually or both).Results: At the group level, semantic cueing was as effective as phonological cueing to significantly speed up picture naming. However, while phonological cues were effective regardless of the anomic profile, semantic cueing effects varied depending on the type of anomia. Participants with mixed anomia showed facilitation after both semantic categorical and associative cues, but individuals with lexical-phonological anomia only after categorical cues. Crucially, semantic cues were ineffective for participants with lexical-semantic anomia. These disparities were confirmed by categorical semantic facilitation decreasing when semantic/omission errors prevailed in the anomic profile, but increasing alongside phonological errors.Conclusion: The effectiveness of phonological vs semantic cues seems related to the underlying anomic profile: phonological cues benefit any type of anomia, but semantic cues only lexical-phonological or mixed anomia.

Recall of Semantic Clusters in Primary Memory

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Ann Levy ◽  
Alan Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Primary Memory ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
List Presentation ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Semantic Cues

An experiment is reported which investigated the use of semantic relatedness as a retrieval cue in the primary memory component in a free recall task. Six-word semantically related clusters were placed in the middle and end positions of free recall lists. Retention was measured immediately after the list presentation and after a filled retention interval of 15 sec. Pure primary memory functions were calculated. The results indicated that semantic cues are useful in retrieval from secondary memory but played no part in recall from primary memory.

Assessing Hedonic Bias in Emotional Scene Memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Bradley ◽  
Marie Karlsson ◽  
Peter J. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Memory Biases ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Positivity Bias ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Across studies, memory for emotional events has shown a positivity bias, a negativity bias, and/or an arousal bias, and different types of memory biases have been reported in patients diagnosed with anxiety and mood disorders. Here, we investigated hedonic bias in memory for emotionally evocative scenes in a large sample (n = 625) of healthy young adults, in order to provide normative data on effects of pleasure, arousal, and content on immediate free recall that could facilitate future clinical investigations. Participants first viewed and rated a set of 60 pictures, followed by an unexpected memory test. Across participants, memory data was obtained for 360 different pictures, which served as the unit of analysis. There was neither a systematic positivity nor negativity bias in free recall of emotionally arousing scenes. Rather, memory was enhanced for scenes rated as highly arousing, whether pleasant or unpleasant, with those depicting romantic/sexual love and death/violence remembered equally well, and significantly better than other hedonic contents. Gender differences were not strong. Taken together, these data provide a basic science foundation for assessing hedonic bias in clinical populations.

The Future of Depression Psychopharmacology

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 682-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Belmaker
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Group ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Antidepressant Efficacy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Treatment Alternatives ◽  
Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Major Hypothesis

ABSTRACTAlong with the development of selective sertonin reuptake inhibitors there has been a tremendous widening of the definition of depression and an impressive decrease in the placebodrug difference in controlled studies. In the early 1960s, about one third of depressed patients improved with placebo and two thirds with active compounds. Current controlled studies suggest that the situation has certainly not improved. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression Study found that response rates to new compounds after the failure of the first antidepressant are low. The monoamine hypothesis of depression was formulated in the mid 1960s based on the antidepressant efficacy of the monoamine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and the depressogenic effects of reserpine as a monoamine depleter. However, no monoamine-related finding has been found that is diagnostic for depression. A second major hypothesis regarding depression has been the stress cortisol hypothesis. However, blood cortisol levels are not diagnostic of depression. Psychiatric clinicians are convinced that there are patients for whom antidepressants have made the difference between life and death. However, physicians may generalize unjustifiably based on single dramatic cases to a much larger diagnostic group. Perhaps there are many causes of different types of human sadness, and perhaps only some of these involve mechanisms related to monoamines. Thus, perhaps only some kinds of depression are responsive to monoamine affecting antidepressants.

scholarly journals Parkinson's Disease, Tourette Syndrome, and the Changing Nature of Depression: The Dog Days of Summer

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 643-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Antidepressant Efficacy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Treatment Alternatives ◽  
Psychiatric Clinician ◽  
Major Hypothesis

Since the development of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors there has been a widening of the definition of depression and a decrease in the placebo-drug difference in controlled studies. In the early 1960s, ~33% of depressed patients improved with placebo and 66% with active compounds and current controlled studies suggest that the situation has certainly not improved. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression Study found that response rates to new compounds after the failure of the first antidepressant are low. The monoamine hypothesis of depression was formulated in the mid 1960s based on the antidepressant efficacy of the monoamine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the depressogenic effects of reserpine as a monoamine depleter. However, no monoamine-related finding has been found that is diagnostic for depression. A second major hypothesis regarding depression has been the stress cortisol hypothesis. However, blood cortisol levels are not diagnostic of depression. Every psychiatric clinician is convinced that there are patients for whom antidepressants have made the difference between life and death. However, physicians may generalize unjustifiably based on single dramatic cases to a much larger diagnostic group. Perhaps there are many causes of different types of human sadness, and perhaps only some of these involve mechanisms related to monoamines. Thus, Robert H. Belmaker, MD, suggests that perhaps only some kinds of depression are responsive to monoamine affecting antidepressants.

Cognitive Processes in Reading Literary Texts: The Influence of Context, Goals and Situations

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Meutsch
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Recognition Experiment ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Literary Meaning

Is literary meaning amenable to an explanation within the cognitive paradigm of psychology? A convention-oriented explanation exists as opposed to an autonomous ontology of meaning. The central difficulty of explanation is its lack of empirical bases. The hypothesis that encoding—which is action and goal specific—and retrieval are activated by specific conventions and caused by different types of elaboration and inference is tested. The dependent variables were studied in a 2 × 2 free recall experiment. The hypothesis mentioned was tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 recognition experiment. The results for a cognitive conception of literary meaning are significant. The methodological and theoretical consequences are discussed.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Differentiating between different forms of moral obligations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Different Types

Abstract We argue that Tomasello's account overlooks important psychological distinctions between how humans judge different types of moral obligations, such as prescriptive obligations (i.e., what one should do) and proscriptive obligations (i.e., what one should not do). Specifically, evaluating these different types of obligations rests on different psychological inputs and has distinct downstream consequences for judgments of moral character.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

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