scholarly journals Confronting the Challenges of Anatomy Education in a Competency-Based Medical Curriculum During Normal and Unprecedented Times (COVID-19 Pandemic): Pedagogical Framework Development and Implementation (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerissa Naidoo ◽  
Aya Akhras ◽  
Yajnavalka Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Anatomy Education ◽  
Learning Principles ◽  
Small Team ◽  
Pedagogical Framework

BACKGROUND Anatomy is considered to be one of the keystones of undergraduate medical education. However, recently, there has been drastic reduction, both in gross anatomy teaching hours and its context. Additionally, a decrease in the number of trained anatomists and an increase in the costs associated with procuring human cadavers have been noted, causing a diminution of cadaveric dissections in anatomy education. OBJECTIVE To address these challenges, there is an ardent need for a pedagogical framework such that anatomy education can be disseminated through active learning principles, within a fixed time frame, using a small team of anatomists and a small number of cadaveric specimens (for live on-site sessions) as well as collaborative learning principles. The latter is particularly important when anatomy education is delivered through distance learning, as is the case currently during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Here, we have blueprinted a pedagogical framework blending the instructional design models of Gagne’s 9 events of instruction with Peyton’s 4-step approach. The framework’s applicability was validated through the delivery of anatomical concepts, using an exemplar from the structure-function course Head and Neck during the normal and COVID-19–mandated lockdown periods, employing the archetype of Frey syndrome. Preliminary evaluation of the framework was pursued using student feedback and end-of-course feedback responses. The efficiency of the framework in knowledge transfer was also appraised. RESULTS The blueprinted instructional plan designed to implement the pedagogical framework was successfully executed in the dissemination of anatomy education, employing a limited number of cadaveric specimens (during normal times) and a social media application (SMA)–integrated “interactome” strategy (during the COVID-19 lockdown). Students’ response to the framework was positive. However, reluctance was expressed by a majority of the faculty in adopting the framework for anatomy education. To address this aspect, a strategy has been designed using Mento’s 12-step change management model. The long-term benefits for any medical school to adopt the blended pedagogical framework have also been explicated by applying Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice. Additionally, through the design of an SMA interactome model, the framework’s applicability to the delivery of anatomy education and content during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic was realized. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the study effectively tackles some of the contemporary key challenges associated with the delivery of anatomy content in medical education during normal and unprecedented times.

scholarly journals Confronting the Challenges of Anatomy Education in a Competency-Based Medical Curriculum During Normal and Unprecedented Times (COVID-19 Pandemic): Pedagogical Framework Development and Implementation

10.2196/21701 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e21701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerissa Naidoo ◽  
Aya Akhras ◽  
Yajnavalka Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Anatomy Education ◽  
Learning Principles ◽  
Small Team ◽  
Pedagogical Framework

Background Anatomy is considered to be one of the keystones of undergraduate medical education. However, recently, there has been drastic reduction, both in gross anatomy teaching hours and its context. Additionally, a decrease in the number of trained anatomists and an increase in the costs associated with procuring human cadavers have been noted, causing a diminution of cadaveric dissections in anatomy education. Objective To address these challenges, there is an ardent need for a pedagogical framework such that anatomy education can be disseminated through active learning principles, within a fixed time frame, using a small team of anatomists and a small number of cadaveric specimens (for live on-site sessions) as well as collaborative learning principles. The latter is particularly important when anatomy education is delivered through distance learning, as is the case currently during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Here, we have blueprinted a pedagogical framework blending the instructional design models of Gagne’s 9 events of instruction with Peyton’s 4-step approach. The framework’s applicability was validated through the delivery of anatomical concepts, using an exemplar from the structure-function course Head and Neck during the normal and COVID-19–mandated lockdown periods, employing the archetype of Frey syndrome. Preliminary evaluation of the framework was pursued using student feedback and end-of-course feedback responses. The efficiency of the framework in knowledge transfer was also appraised. Results The blueprinted instructional plan designed to implement the pedagogical framework was successfully executed in the dissemination of anatomy education, employing a limited number of cadaveric specimens (during normal times) and a social media application (SMA)–integrated “interactome” strategy (during the COVID-19 lockdown). Students’ response to the framework was positive. However, reluctance was expressed by a majority of the faculty in adopting the framework for anatomy education. To address this aspect, a strategy has been designed using Mento’s 12-step change management model. The long-term benefits for any medical school to adopt the blended pedagogical framework have also been explicated by applying Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice. Additionally, through the design of an SMA interactome model, the framework’s applicability to the delivery of anatomy education and content during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic was realized. Conclusions In conclusion, the study effectively tackles some of the contemporary key challenges associated with the delivery of anatomy content in medical education during normal and unprecedented times.

scholarly journals OPINIONS OF MEDICAL STUDENTS ABOUT PHASE I ANATOMY EDUCATION: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. Opiniones de los estudiantes de medicina acerca de la Fase I de la enseñanza de Anatomía: Un estudio preliminar

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Ayla Kurkcuoglu ◽  
Can Pelin ◽  
Ragiba Zagyapan ◽  
Ersin Ogus
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Anatomy Education ◽  
Interactive Education ◽  
Education Material ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Anatomy Knowledge ◽  
De Medicina

Objetivos: La estandarización de la educación médica y programas centrados en la salida se han vuelto más importantes en los últimos años. Sin embargo, todavía no hay consenso sobre el lugar de las ciencias básicas en el mencionado concepto. A pesar que la importancia de la anatomía en la educación médica es  indiscutible, su lugar en el currículo médico todavía se está discutiendo ampliamente. Varios estudios y observaciones se han publicado hasta hoy sobre la educación anatómica básica. La mayoría de ellos reflejan las opiniones de los médicos clínicos o tutores médicos. El número de estudios de evaluación de la educación en anatomía en el pregrado, desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes de medicina, es limitado. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las opiniones de los estudiantes de medicina en las clases de anatomía. Material y métodos: En este estudio, a 102 estudiantes de medicina que completaron la fase II de la educación en la Universidad de Baskent se les dio un cuestionario con 32 preguntas de tipo Likert preparados por los Departamentos de Anatomía y Medicina de la Educación, entre diciembre de 2012 y mayo de 2013. Las preguntas fueron dadas a los estudiantes en junio, justo antes de terminar el período de educación relacionado. Resultados y Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de medicina enfatizaron que entendían la importancia de la anatomía mucho después de haber terminado la educación de fase I cuando estaban tomando los cursos clínicos y mencionaron que el aporte de sus conocimientos de anatomía básica para su práctica clínica era débil. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que los estudiantes prefieren una educación integrada verticalmente, con orientación clínica e interactiva, y dieron más valor a la práctica de laboratorio en lugar de las conferencias clínicas. Objectives: Standardization of medical education and output-focused core programs has become more important in the recent years. However, still there is no consensus on the place of basic sciences in the aforementioned concept. Even though the importance of anatomy for a qualified medical education is indisputable, its place in medical curriculum is still being widely discussed. Several studies and comments have been published up to date on basic anatomy education. Most of these reflect the opinions of clinical doctors or medical tutors. The number of studies evaluating undergraduate anatomy education from the perspective of medical students is limited. The present study aims to evaluate the opinions of medical students on anatomy classes in medical education. Material and Methods: In this study, 102 medical students who completed phase II education in Baskent University were given a questionnaire containing 32 Likert’s type questions prepared by the Departments of Anatomy and Medical Education between December 2012 and May 2013.The questioner was given to the students in June just before the education of the related term was completed. Results and Conclusion: The medical students emphasized that they understood the importance of anatomy long after they had completed phase I education while they were taking the clinical courses, and they mentioned that the contribution of their basic anatomy knowledge to their clinical practice was weak. The results of the study indicated that students preferred a vertically integrated, clinically oriented and interactive education, and gave more value to laboratory practice rather than the clinical lectures. 

scholarly journals Teaching Anatomy in the XXI Century: New Aspects and Pitfalls

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Papa ◽  
Mauro Vaccarezza
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Anatomy Education ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Racial Background ◽  
Teaching Anatomy ◽  
Clinical Problems ◽  
Anatomy Teaching

Anatomy has historically been a cornerstone in medical education regardless of nation, racial background, or medical school system. By learning gross anatomy, medical students get a first “impression” about the structure of the human body which is the basis for understanding pathologic and clinical problems. Although the importance of teaching anatomy to both undergraduate and postgraduate students remains undisputed, there is currently a relevant debate concerning methods of anatomy teaching. In the past century, dissection and lectures were its sole pedagogy worldwide. Recently, the time allocated for anatomy teaching was dramatically reduced to such an extent that some suggest that it has fallen below an adequate standard. Traditional anatomy education based on topographical structural anatomy taught in lectures and gross dissection classes has been replaced by a multiple range of study modules, including problem-based learning, plastic models or computer-assisted learning, and curricula integration. “Does the anatomical theatre still have a place in medical education?” And “what is the problem with anatomic specimens?” We endeavor to answer both of these questions and to contribute to the debate on the current situation in undergraduate and graduate anatomy education.

Preliminary Medical Education and the Medical Curriculum

BMJ ◽  
1890 ◽  
Vol 2 (1560) ◽  
pp. 1213-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Curriculum

scholarly journals Medical Education From a Theory–Practice–Philosophy Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 237428952110102
Author(s):  
Susan A. Kirch ◽  
Moshe J. Sadofsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Curriculum Design ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Curriculum And Instruction ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Educational Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of ◽  
How People Learn

Medical schooling, at least as structured in the United States and Canada, is commonly assembled intuitively or empirically to meet concrete goals. Despite a long history of scholarship in educational theory to address how people learn, this is rarely examined during medical curriculum design. We provide a historical perspective on educational theory–practice–philosophy and a tool to aid faculty in learning how to identify and use theory–practice–philosophy for the design of curriculum and instruction.

scholarly journals Incorporating patient safety into early undergraduate medical education: teaching medical students to perform surgical time outs during anatomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e001229
Author(s):  
Abdul-Rahman M Suleiman ◽  
Daniel Amarasinghe ◽  
Priya Kathuria ◽  
Jacob Vandel ◽  
Jordan Holloway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Surgical Time ◽  
Surgical Safety ◽  
Wayne State University ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Surgical Errors

ObjectivesTo introduce surgical safety checklists and time outs to future physicians through early incorporation of time outs in the first year gross anatomy course.SettingThe Wayne State University School of Medicine Anatomy Lab.ParticipantsApproximately 300 first year medical students per year participated in the intervention.InterventionsAn educational presentation on medical errors focusing on surgical errors was developed. Students in 2017–2018 viewed the presentation and completed two time outs, one with the first anatomy dissection and a second with the last dissection. Preintervention and postintervention surveys were completed and results compared. Students completed a second postintervention survey after the second time out. Students in 2018–2019 were asked to complete the time outs before every dissection. Time out procedure sheets were collected to determine completion rates. The intervention was further modified for academic year 2019–2020 and time out sheets were again collected.Outcome measuresFour domains of learning were surveyed: (1) major components and goals/limitations of universal protocol, (2) medical error lexicon, (3) components of a time out, and (4) confidence in completing time out checklists.ResultsPostintervention surveys demonstrated significant improvement in each domain. Students found time outs easy to complete and developed confidence in performing time outs. Following a successful pilot, time outs were incorporated into every dissection. Students continued to perform this procedure despite absence of adverse consequences for not doing so.ConclusionStudents found the time outs easy to complete and developed the confidence and ability to perform a surgical time out early in their medical education. The new skills, knowledge and attitudes that these medical students have developed will hopefully improve the care they provide to patients, thereby advancing the practice of quality improvement and patient safety in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Student Perceived Value of Anatomy Pedagogy, Part I: Prosection or Dissection?

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. JMECD.S17496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. Wisco ◽  
Stephanie Young ◽  
Paul Rabedeaux ◽  
Seth D. Lerner ◽  
Paul F. Wimmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
School Experience ◽  
First Year ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Preclinical Medical Education

A series of three annual surveys of David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM) at UCLA students and UCR/UCLA Thomas Haider Program in Biomedical Sciences students were administered from 2010 to 2012 to ascertain student perceptions of which anatomy pedagogy—prosection or dissection—was most valuable to them during the first year of preclinical medical education and for the entire medical school experience in general. Students were asked, “What value does gross anatomy education have in preclinical medical education?” We further asked the students who participated in both prosection and dissection pedagogies, “Would you have preferred an anatomy curriculum like the Summer Anatomy Dissection during your first year in medical school instead of prosection?” All students who responded to the survey viewed anatomy as a highly valued part of the medical curriculum, specifically referring to four major themes: Anatomy is (1) the basis for medical understanding, (2) part of the overall medical school experience, (3) a bridge to understanding pathology and physiology, and (4) the foundation for clinical skills. Students who participated in both prosection and dissection pedagogies surprisingly and overwhelmingly advocated for a prosection curriculum for the first year of medical school, not a dissection curriculum. Time efficiency was the dominant theme in survey responses from students who learned anatomy through prosection and then dissection. Students, regardless of whether interested in surgery/radiology or not, appreciated both pedagogies but commented that prosection was sufficient for learning basic anatomy, while dissection was a necessary experience in preparation for the anatomical medical specialties. This suggests that anatomy instruction should be integrated into the clinical years of medical education.

scholarly journals As Artes na Educação Médica: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
Lúcia Trindade da Silva Mairot ◽  
Beatriz Biasi Gin da Costa ◽  
Thaís Pedrosa Moraes Heringer ◽  
Raquel Camargos Borges ◽  
Eliane Perlatto Moura
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
De Medicina

RESUMO Introdução A introdução das artes no currículo médico tem despertado interesse crescente, uma vez que estas apresentam qualidades únicas que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento dos aspectos sociais da prática médica, oferecendo maneiras novas e distintas de exploração do conhecimento e da identidade profissional. Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da utilização das artes no currículo médico por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. Metodologia As bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO, PubMed e Eric foram pesquisadas para artigos publicados sobre estudos que tentaram avaliar a eficácia de uma abordagem baseada em artes na educação médica de graduação. Outros artigos foram identificados por meio de busca ativa. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores (art or visual arts or paintings or literature or narrative or poetry or theatre or movies or films or cinema) AND (medical education or medical student or medical curriculum). Foram incluídos somente os artigos cujo estudo foi realizado com estudantes de Medicina e cuja eficácia da intervenção foi avaliada por comparação entre grupos (estudos quantitativos) ou pela satisfação do estudante de Medicina por questionário (estudos qualitativos). Os artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra por dois pesquisadores, de modo a identificar o tipo de arte utilizada na intervenção, o autor, a amostra, a metodologia e a conclusão sobre a atividade relatada. Resultados Foram incluídos 28 artigos no estudo, distribuídos de acordo com o tipo de arte utilizada: (n = 16) artes visuais; (n = 6) literatura; (n = 3) teatro; (n = 3) cinema. As competências educacionais sensíveis às artes relatadas nos estudos avaliados foram: habilidades de observação diagnóstica, trabalho em equipe, reflexão e argumentação; facilitar o aprendizado cognitivo; aspectos humanísticos da medicina (empatia/relação médico-paciente); profissionalismo. Alguns estudos afirmam que as intervenções baseadas em artes são eficazes na alteração de atitudes, entretanto não definiram como esse sucesso foi medido. Nenhum estudo considera os efeitos sobre o comportamento. As evidências para o uso de intervenções baseadas em artes para promover habilidades de observação diagnóstica mostraram ser mais fortes. No entanto, seu efeito em outras habilidades clínicas não foi estudado. Conclusão A arte pode ser uma estratégia facilitadora do aprendizado, uma vez que auxilia o estudante a lidar com a complexidade do ser humano e da saúde humana. Este conhecimento mais amplo sobre a saúde e a doença pode levar à melhoria da relação médico-paciente na prática clínica. Entretanto, devido à natureza qualitativa da maioria dos estudos, baseados principalmente na opinião do estudante sobre as modificações ocorridas em suas atitudes, a eficácia das intervenções nem sempre foi efetivamente demonstrada.

scholarly journals Teaching cadaveric laparoscopic anatomy in medical curriculum – An essential learning option

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-334
Author(s):  
Kaushik Bhattacharya ◽  
Neela Bhattacharya ◽  
Aditya Shikar Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Tactile Sensation ◽  
Clinical Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Team Working ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Teaching Anatomy

Teaching anatomy to the medical students is shifting from learning the traditional gross anatomy with didactic lectures to learning anatomy by laparoscopic dissection on the cadavers. The open dissection hall teaching is loosing relevance to learning clinical anatomy with laparoscopic dissection live by the medical students. Laparoscopic demonstrations can generate interest in surgery in the students that would otherwise not be possible in the preclinical years. Additional advantages of laparoscopic anatomy learning are improved three-dimensional orientation, increased dexterity and development of team working skills among students. The magnified laparoscopic views and the ability to deeply explore anatomical features to demonstrate the basic anatomy better with full clarity does makes an impression on the young medical students. The major disadvantage is student may feel the lack of pleasure of tactile sensation, of touching the anatomical organs during laparoscopic demonstration.

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