scholarly journals The Risk-Return Behavior of Real Estate Mezzanine Investment (REMI) – The Singapore Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. p65
Author(s):  
HO, Kim Hin / David ◽  
Javier Calero Cuervo
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Model Risk ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Capital Value

REMI is a new financial instrument for Asia’s real estate market offering superior returns than those for the typical commercial bank loans. The resultant risk exposure is relatively high. With recent and robust growth of the Singapore real estate market, there is the fast-growing real estate investment trust market. This paper examines the REMI structure, the measurement and characteristics of its risks and returns via a forward-looking binomial asset tree (BAT) model. Risk neutral pricing probability is adopted to construct the BAT tree. TRs are measured by the probability weighted average returns and discussed under different scenarios. REMI bears more risk than typical commercial bank loans, resulting in higher interest rates than pure equity. Different risk issues focus on two major sources - the financial LTV ratio risk and the real estate and capital markets risk. Empirical analysis involves a rigorous discrete-time forecasting of the market rent and capital value expectations of Singapore’s prime office sector, given the conditions and assumptions unique to this market. This paper fulfils the need to close the gap concerning the REMI structure and performance in the steady state, utilizing reliable, authoritative information and data sources.

scholarly journals Impacts of digitization on real estate sector jobs

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Piazolo ◽  
Utku Cem Dogan
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Real Estate Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Employment Agency ◽  
Real Estate Sector ◽  
Substitution Probability

PurposePrevious research on automation and job disruption is only marginally related to the real estate industry and its characteristics. This study investigates the effects of digitization on jobs in German real estate sector, in order to assess the proportion of jobs threatened to be replaced by automation. Since Germany is the largest EU economy insights for the German real estate market allow a first approximation for Europe.Design/methodology/approachAn extensive database of the German Federal Employment Agency containing job definitions and occupation titles is matched with real estate criteria to create a subset with the relevant real estate occupations. This data is combined with a database of the German Institute of Employment Research reflecting to what extent tasks within jobs can be automated by current technical capabilities.FindingsFor the 286 identified occupations within the real estate sector a weighted average of 47 percent substitution probability through current technological capabilities is derived for tasks within the examined occupations.Practical implicationsThis contribution indicates the extent of the structural change the real estate sector has to face due to digitization: One out of two real estate jobs will have to be re-created.Originality/valueThis research quantifies the magnitude of the job killer aspect of digitization in the real estate sector.

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTION COST AND THE GROWTH IN SUPPLY OF REAL ESTATE HOUSING IN KENYA

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Samuel Mungai Ngugi ◽  
Dr. Lucy Wamugo
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to establish the effects of construction cost on the growth in supply of real estate housing in Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 78 registered real estate companies in Kenya. The sample size was therefore 39 registered real estate companies in Kenya. Primary data was collected through the administration of the questionnairesResults: The study found that finance cost, cost of building materials, cost of land and tax cost have a statistical and negative influence on the growth of supply of real estate housing. The study also concludes that increase in growth of real estate market despite the high interest rate could owe to the price inelastic demand for housing owing to economic disparity in the country. While low income earners, who are majority, are pushed away to less glossy and crowded homes where survival supersedes luxury, the upper middle income purchase of housing units is on the upward spiral.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the government should lower interest expenses so as to encourage the increase in supply of affordable real estate housing. The bank should also lower their interest rates so that the real estate firms can be able to increase the supply of housing. The study also recommends that investors should consider investing in the real estate market despite the erratic interest rates.

scholarly journals Closed-End Real Estate Funds in Comparison with other Investment Opportunities in Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Wolski ◽  
Magdalena Załęczna
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Investment Fund ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Real Estate Markets ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
Dynamic Growth ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The first closed-end real estate investment funds in Poland began to appear in 2004, along with the development of the capital market and the real estate market. The funds invested both in the housing market and in the commercial market. In general, they encouraged potential investors to purchase investment fund units by pointing to positive results obtained by similar funds in other countries, as well as the dynamic growth of prices in domestic real estate markets. However, the analysis of the performance of closed-end real estate funds in Poland shows that they have failed to earn satisfactory rates of return. The aim of the study was to compare their performance with the profitability of other investment instruments in the 2004 to 2014 period. In addition, the authors aimed to establish why closed-end real estate funds had failed to succeed in Poland, by analyzing, among other things, their institutional context. The study was based on a comparison of the characteristics and performance of particular funds, and also analyzed the profitability of selected alternative investments.

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-170
Author(s):  
Lucia Gibilaro ◽  
◽  
Gianluca Mattarocci ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Bank Risk ◽  
Property Market ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
And Performance

The literature primarily focuses on the effect of changes on property prices in terms of macrovariables and monetary aggregates. Only a few studies have taken into account bank characteristics when considering the effects of real estate market trends on bank lending policies and performance, and there is no study that controls for the type of bank or loan purpose. The paper studies the linkage between property market trends and bank risk exposure. We test for any significant difference of real estate banks with respect to other banks and the different roles of the real estate market trend in explaining changes in bank risk exposure. The empirical evidence demonstrates that real estate banks are not always riskier than other banks, and specialized banks are less sensitive to real estate market trends than other banks.

Mobilitŕ urbana e scelte residenziali: un'analisi economica

2009 ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Marina Bravi ◽  
Sergio Giaccaria
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Economic Segregation ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Very High ◽  
Economic Improvement

- This study explores the intricate relationships between urban mobility, residential choices (rent or ownership) and economic levels of housing affordability of the demand. During the residential changing, the families consider simultaneously many factors, both economic and territorial, that affect their decision. This research highlights as, in a situation characterized by very high prices and very important levels of the interest rates, the expectations of the economic improvement of the households are frustrated; the anomalies in the real estate market (rent and ownership) result, at the urban scale, in a sort of stoc s, as well as, economic segregation.Key words urban mobility, housing affordability, residential choices.Parole chiave: mobilitŕ urbana, accessibilitŕ ai servizi abitativi, scelte residenziali.

scholarly journals Management of the Real Estate Market in Vietnam with Lessons from Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Ngoc Xuan
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Debt Ratio ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Bad Debt

Vietnamese economy in the year 2017 reached a GDP growth rate of 6.81%, inflation was controlled at 3.53%. According to Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc, Vietnam's economy has overcome many difficulties with the recovery and higher growth. In 2017, the size of the GDP economy will be about $ 220 billion, GDP by purchasing power parity - PPP $ 600 billion, per capita GDP of $ 2,385, and GDP per capita PPP is 6,000 US dollars. As predicted by the General Statistics Office, Vietnam's GDP in the next two years is expected to increase by 6.8%, and 7%. The exchange rate between the Vietnamese dong and foreign currencies such as the US dollar, the yen and the euro remains stable, while a trade surplus of $ 2.67 billion in 2017, slightly up from $ 2.52 billion US surplus in 2016. In addition to the macroeconomic highlights, Vietnam's economy faces challenges due to bad debt from the decline of the real estate market in the past, the bad debt ratio The banking system is high with interest rates falling but still at high levels, many businesses still find it difficult to mobilize business capital. At present, the drastic direction in the direction and management of the State Bank, the birth of the company VAMC recently brought the bad debt ratio of banks to an average of less than 5%. In this article, the author discusses the lessons learned from the management of the real estate market in Poland to provide a number of measures to increase liquidity in the real estate market in Vietnam economic growth in the future.

scholarly journals Real estate boom in Chile and fundamentals on house prices

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
C. Aguilera Alvial
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
The Real Estate Market

This article studies the fundamentals of housing prices based on the Real Index of Housing Prices (IRPV), given that in recent times in Chile there has been a sustained increase in price levels and seeks to find evidence on the existence of a possible speculative bubble in the real estate market. Following the methodology of various Chilean and international authors, the Engle & Granger Co-integration methodology was applied. Furthermore, the results of the previous methodology were compared using the Johansen Co-integration test. Then a method to find structural breaks is applied. As a result, evidence is found to not reject the existence of a bubble in the real estate market. It is found that only interest rates co-integrate in the long term with the evolution of house prices, while the other fundamentals present a spurious relationship.

scholarly journals Twenty Years of Mortgage Banking in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Eva Horvatova
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
Real Estate Prices ◽  
Analysis Models

Mortgage banking began to develop in Slovakia after 1998 as an ambitious project, the goal of which was to elevate the lagging development of the real estate market, the development of the financial market and the creation of banks’ long-term resources. Our goal is a comprehensive assessment of the development of Slovak mortgage banking for the past 20 years from the perspectives of the development of banking, the mortgage bond market, the real estate market and selected interactions between individual elements of the mortgage system. The specific aim of the study is to evaluate the substantial links between the basic economic indicators, indicators of housing finance and real estate prices in Slovakia. To evaluate these issues VAR (Vector Autoregression) models, models of panel and linear regression and DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models were used. Slovakia has specific indicators of the development of mortgage banking, adequate to its historical and economic development. It was confirmed that the availability of real estate loans had a significant impact on the increase in real estate prices. Real estate prices in Bratislava have different development factors than real estate prices from a nationwide perspective. Low interest rates have an important role in housing financing. The second part of the study is oriented towards an evaluation of the technical efficiency of individual banks. The results of DEA point out that the largest banks in Slovakia were the most efficient in the pre-crisis year 2007. The overall results show that policymakers should react not only to the household indebtedness rate and risks for individual clients, but should also see the risks for banks in possible changes in the real estate market, or the risks of changes in interest rates in the future.

scholarly journals The Portuguese residential real estate market: An evaluation of the last decade

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
de Tavares ◽  
Elisabeth Pereira ◽  
Moreira Carrizo
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators

This article presents an integrated vision of the context of the residential real estate market in Portugal. It analyses the evolution of several macroeconomic indicators during the last decade. The article is complemented with the analysis of the house prices, where an evaluation of average prices of apartments in Portugal according to different typologies and regions have been done. Regarding the market environment, several indicators are assessed, such as the evolution of interest rates, the evolution of households? credit, the consumption and construction confidence indexes and the evolution of foreign direct investment in housing. The conclusion is that after a booming period, the future of the real estate market is somehow worrying.

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