Scaffold biomaterials and nano-based therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Tacchi ◽  
Josué Orozco-Aguilar ◽  
Danae Gutiérrez ◽  
Felipe Simon ◽  
Javier Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Cell Printing ◽  
Strength Recovery ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives ◽  
Hybrid Biomaterials

Skeletal muscle is integral to the functioning of the human body. Several pathological conditions, such as trauma (primary lesion) or genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), can affect and impair its functions or exceed its regeneration capacity. Tissue engineering (TE) based on natural, synthetic and hybrid biomaterials provides a robust platform for developing scaffolds that promote skeletal muscle regeneration, strength recovery, vascularization and innervation. Recent 3D-cell printing technology and the use of nanocarriers for the release of drugs, peptides and antisense oligonucleotides support unique therapeutic alternatives. Here, the authors present recent advances in scaffold biomaterials and nano-based therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and perspectives for future endeavors.

scholarly journals Macrophages in Skeletal Muscle Dystrophies, An Entangled Partner

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Theret Marine ◽  
Saclier Marielle ◽  
Messina Graziella ◽  
Rossi M.V. Fabio
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Muscular Dystrophies ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Muscle Remodeling

While skeletal muscle remodeling happens throughout life, diseases that result in its dysfunction are accountable for many deaths. Indeed, skeletal muscle is exceptionally capable to respond to stimuli modifying its homeostasis, such as in atrophy, hypertrophy, regeneration and repair. In particular conditions such as genetic diseases (muscular dystrophies), skeletal muscle’s capacity to remodel is strongly affected and undergoes continuous cycles of chronic damage. This induces scarring, fatty infiltration, as well as loss of contractibility and of the ability to generate force. In this context, inflammation, primarily mediated by macrophages, plays a central pathogenic role. Macrophages contribute as the primary regulators of inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration, affecting tissue-resident cells such as myogenic cells and endothelial cells, but also fibro-adipogenic progenitors, which are the main source of the fibro fatty scar. During skeletal muscle regeneration their function is tightly orchestrated, while in dystrophies their fate is strongly disturbed, resulting in chronic inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings on the role of macrophages in skeletal muscle diseases, and how they are regulated.

scholarly journals The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3265
Author(s):  
Natalia Ziemkiewicz ◽  
Genevieve Hilliard ◽  
Nicholas A. Pullen ◽  
Koyal Garg
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Complex Process

Skeletal muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the inflammatory response. A wide variety of innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate the complex process of muscle repair. This review provides information about the various types of immune cells and biomolecules that have been shown to mediate muscle regeneration following injury and degenerative diseases. Recently developed cell and drug-based immunomodulatory strategies are highlighted. An improved understanding of the immune response to injured and diseased skeletal muscle will be essential for the development of therapeutic strategies.

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