adaptive immune cells
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Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Wan Rong Sia ◽  
Yichao Zheng ◽  
Fei Han ◽  
Shiwei Chen ◽  
Shaohua Ma ◽  
...  

Bats are reservoirs of a large number of viruses of global public health significance, including the ancestral virus for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although bats are natural carriers of multiple pathogenic viruses, they rarely display signs of disease. Recent insights suggest that bats have a more balanced host defense and tolerance system to viral infections that may be linked to the evolutionary adaptation to powered flight. Therefore, a deeper understanding of bat immune system may provide intervention strategies to prevent zoonotic disease transmission and to identify new therapeutic targets. Similar to other eutherian mammals, bats have both innate and adaptive immune systems that have evolved to detect and respond to invading pathogens. Bridging these two systems are innate lymphocytes, which are highly abundant within circulation and barrier tissues. These cells share the characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are poised to mount rapid effector responses. They are ideally suited as the first line of defense against early stages of viral infections. Here, we will focus on the current knowledge of innate lymphocytes in bats, their function, and their potential role in host–pathogen interactions. Moreover, given that studies into bat immune systems are often hindered by a lack of bat-specific research tools, we will discuss strategies that may aid future research in bat immunity, including the potential use of organoid models to delineate the interplay between innate lymphocytes, bat viruses, and host tolerance.


2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kałużna ◽  
Paweł Olczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Komosińska-Vassev

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease with an underlying excessive immune response directed against resident microbiota and/or dietary antigens. Both innate and adaptive immune cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of UC. In the case of innate immune response cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages have a crucial impact on the development of the disease, as well as innate lymphoid cells, which have received a particular attention in recent years. On the other hand, mechanisms of the adaptive immune response involve cells such as: cytotoxic lymphocytes, regulatory lymphocytes Treg, or helper lymphocytes Th–Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, among which significant discoveries about Th9 and Th17 lymphocytes have been made in recent years. Due to the presence of antibodies directed against resident microbiota or one’s own tissues, the influence of B lymphocytes on the development of UC is also highlighted. Additionally, the impact of cytokines on shaping the immune response as well as sustaining inflammation seems to be crucial. This review briefly describes the current state of knowledge about the involvement of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the pathogenesis of UC. The review is based on personal selection of literature that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed using the terms “ulcerative colitis” and “pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis”. It included systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical trials. Our knowledge of the involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of IBD has advanced rapidly over the last two decades, leading to the development of several immune-targeted treatments with a biological source, known as biologic agents.


Thorax ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. thoraxjnl-2021-217997
Author(s):  
Amy M de Waal ◽  
Pieter S Hiemstra ◽  
Tom HM Ottenhoff ◽  
Simone A Joosten ◽  
Anne M van der Does

The lung epithelium has long been overlooked as a key player in tuberculosis disease. In addition to acting as a direct barrier to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), epithelial cells (EC) of the airways and alveoli act as first responders during Mtb infections; they directly sense and respond to Mtb by producing mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobials. Interactions of EC with innate and adaptive immune cells further shape the immune response against Mtb. These three essential components, epithelium, immune cells and Mtb, are rarely studied in conjunction, owing in part to difficulties in coculturing them. Recent advances in cell culture technologies offer the opportunity to model the lung microenvironment more closely. Herein, we discuss the interplay between lung EC, immune cells and Mtb and argue that modelling these interactions is of key importance to unravel early events during Mtb infection.


Author(s):  
Megan A Sylvester ◽  
Dennis P Pollow ◽  
Caitlin Moffett ◽  
Wendy Nunez ◽  
Jennifer L Uhrlaub ◽  
...  

Premenopausal females are protected from Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension following the adoptive transfer of T cells from normotensive donors. For the present study, we hypothesized that the transfer of hypertensive T cells (HT) or splenocytes (HS) from hypertensive donors would eliminate premenopausal protection from hypertension. Premenopausal Rag-1-/- females received either normotensive (NT) or hypertensive cells, three weeks prior to Ang II infusion (14 days, 490 ng/kg/min). Contrary to our hypothesis, no increase in Ang II-induced blood pressure was observed in the NT/Ang or HT/Ang groups. Flow cytometry demonstrated that renal FoxP3+ T regulatory cells were significantly decreased and IHC showed an increase in renal F4/80+ macrophages in HT/Ang, suggesting a shift in the renal inflammatory environment despite no change in blood pressure. Renal mRNA expression of MCP-1, Endothelin-1, GPER-1 were significantly decreased in HT/Ang. The adoptive transfer of hypertensive splenocytes prior to Ang II infusion (HS/Ang) eliminated premenopausal protection from hypertension and significantly decreased splenic FoxP3+ T regulatory cells compared to females receiving normotensive splenocytes (NS/Ang). Expression of MIP-1a/CCL3, a potent macrophage chemokine was elevated in HS/Ang, however no increase in renal macrophage infiltration occurred. Together, these data show that in premenopausal females T cells from hypertensive donors are not sufficient to induce a robust Ang II mediated hypertension, in contrast, transfer of hypertensive splenocytes (consisting of T/B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages) is sufficient. Further work is needed to understand how innate and adaptive immune cells and estrogen signaling coordinate to cause differential hypertensive outcomes in premenopausal females.


Author(s):  
Habib Zouali ◽  
Juliette Lemasson ◽  
Andreea Calugareanu ◽  
Christophe Battail ◽  
David Michonneau ◽  
...  

Cutaneous involvement of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) has a wide range of manifestations including a lichenoid form with a currently assumed mixed Th1/Th17 signature and a sclerotic form with Th1 signature. Despite substantial heterogeneity of innate and adaptive immune cells recruited to the skin and of the different clinical manifestations, treatment depends mainly on the severity of the skin involvement, and relies on systemic, high-dose glucocorticoids alone or in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor. We performed the first study using RNAseq to profile and compare the transcriptome of lichen planus cGVHD (n=8), morphea cGVHD (n=5), and healthy controls (n=6). Our findings revealed shared and unique inflammatory pathways to each cGVHD subtype that are both pathogenic and targetable. In particular, the deregulation of IFN signaling pathway was strongly associated with cutaneous cGVHD, whereas the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) pathway was found to be specific of lichen planus and likely contributes to its pathogenesis. The results were confirmed at a protein level by performing immunohistochemistry staining and at a transcriptomic level using Real-Time quantitative PCR.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (A) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Yan Wisnu Prajoko ◽  
Agung Putra ◽  
Bayu Tirta Dirja ◽  
Adi Muradi Muhar ◽  
Nur Dina Amalina

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potent immunosuppressive properties to control systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease by releasing several anti-inflammatory molecules, particularly indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), and increasing regulatory T cells (Treg) to control innate and adaptive immune cells. However, how MSCs release IDO to modulate Treg in controlling B is poorly understood. Therefore, investigating IDO, Treg, and B cells following MSC administration in SLE is needed. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the ameliorating effects of MSCs in controlling B cells mediated by an increase of IDO-induced Treg in PBMC of SLE patients. METHODS: This study used a post-test control group design. MSCs were obtained from human umbilical cord blood and characterized according to their surface antigen expression and multilineage differentiation capacities. PBMCs isolated from SLE patients were divided into five groups: Sham (placebo group), control, and three treatment groups. The treatment groups were treated by coculturing MSCs to PBMCs with a ratio of 1:10, 1:25, and 1:40 for 72 h incubation. Treg and B-cell levels were analyzed by flow cytometry with cytometric bead array (CBA) while the IDO levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: This study showed that the percentages of B cells decreased significantly in groups treated by dose-dependent MSCs, particularly in T1 and T2 groups followed by increased Treg cell percentages. These findings were aligned with the significant increase of the IDO levels. CONCLUSIONS: MSCs regulated B cells through an increase of IDO-induced Treg in SLE patients’ PBMC.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Tirasak Pasharawipas

After exposure to SARS-CoV-2, varying symptoms of COVID-19 ranging from asymptomatic symptoms to morbidity and mortality have been exhibited in each individual. SARS-CoV-2 requires various cellular molecules for penetration into a target host cell. Angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) acts as the viral receptor molecule. After attachment, SARS-CoV-2 also requires the transmembrane protease serine-2 (TMPRSS-2) and furin molecules, which serve as co-receptors for penetration into the target cell and for subsequent replication. In the meantime, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is required for the induction of adaptive immune cells, especially cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, to clear the virally infected cells. This perspective review article proposes different aspects to explain the varying symptoms of the individuals who have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, which relates to the polymorphisms of these involved molecules.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13552
Author(s):  
Naveena B. Janakiram ◽  
Michael S. Valerio ◽  
Stephen M. Goldman ◽  
Christopher L. Dearth

Composite tissue injuries (CTI) are common among US Military Service members during combat operations, and carry a high potential of morbidity. Furthermore, CTI are often complicated due to an altered wound healing response, resulting in part from a dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Unlike normal wound healing, in CTI, disruptions occur in innate immune responses, altering neutrophil functions, macrophage activation and polarization, further impacting the functions of T regulatory cells. Additionally, the biological underpinnings of these unfavorable wound healing conditions are multifactorial, including various processes, such as: ischemia, hypoxia, low nutrient levels, and altered cell metabolic pathways, among others, all of which are thought to trigger anergy in immune cells and destabilize adaptive immune responses. As a result, impaired wound healing is common in CTI. Herein, we review the altered innate and adaptive immune cells and their metabolic status and responses following CTI, and discuss the role a multi-pronged immunomodulatory approach may play in facilitating improved outcomes for afflicted patients.


Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Huixian Hong ◽  
Etty N. Benveniste

Protein Kinase CK2, a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase, fulfills its functions via phosphorylating hundreds of proteins in nearly all cells. It regulates a variety of cellular signaling pathways and contributes to cell survival, proliferation and inflammation. CK2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hematologic and solid cancers. Recent data have documented that CK2 has unique functions in both innate and adaptive immune cells. In this article, we review aspects of CK2 biology, functions of the major innate and adaptive immune cells, and how CK2 regulates the function of immune cells. Finally, we provide perspectives on how CK2 effects in immune cells, particularly T-cells, may impact the treatment of cancers via targeting CK2.


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