scholarly journals The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3265
Author(s):  
Natalia Ziemkiewicz ◽  
Genevieve Hilliard ◽  
Nicholas A. Pullen ◽  
Koyal Garg
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Complex Process

Skeletal muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the inflammatory response. A wide variety of innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate the complex process of muscle repair. This review provides information about the various types of immune cells and biomolecules that have been shown to mediate muscle regeneration following injury and degenerative diseases. Recently developed cell and drug-based immunomodulatory strategies are highlighted. An improved understanding of the immune response to injured and diseased skeletal muscle will be essential for the development of therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals The Role of Metabolic Remodeling in Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1553-1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca De Santa ◽  
Laura Vitiello ◽  
Alessio Torcinaro ◽  
Elisabetta Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling

scholarly journals Tuning cancer fate: the unremitting role of host immunity

Open Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 170006 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Calì ◽  
B. Molon ◽  
A. Viola
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols

Host immunity plays a central and complex role in dictating tumour progression. Solid tumours are commonly infiltrated by a large number of immune cells that dynamically interact with the surrounding microenvironment. At first, innate and adaptive immune cells successfully cooperate to eradicate microcolonies of transformed cells. Concomitantly, surviving tumour clones start to proliferate and harness immune responses by specifically hijacking anti-tumour effector mechanisms and fostering the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets at the tumour site. This pliable interplay between immune and malignant cells is a relentless process that has been concisely organized in three different phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In this review, we aim to depict the distinct immune cell subsets and immune-mediated responses characterizing the tumour landscape throughout the three interconnected phases. Importantly, the identification of key immune players and molecules involved in the dynamic crosstalk between tumour and immune system has been crucial for the introduction of reliable prognostic factors and effective therapeutic protocols against cancers.

scholarly journals The Hygiene Hypothesis and New Perspectives—Current Challenges Meeting an Old Postulate

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Garn ◽  
Daniel Piotr Potaczek ◽  
Petra Ina Pfefferle
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Asthma Phenotypes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

During its 30 years history, the Hygiene Hypothesis has shown itself to be adaptable whenever it has been challenged by new scientific developments and this is a still a continuously ongoing process. In this regard, the mini review aims to discuss some selected new developments in relation to their impact on further fine-tuning and expansion of the Hygiene Hypothesis. This will include the role of recently discovered classes of innate and adaptive immune cells that challenges the old Th1/Th2 paradigm, the applicability of the Hygiene Hypothesis to newly identified allergy/asthma phenotypes with diverse underlying pathomechanistic endotypes, and the increasing knowledge derived from epigenetic studies that leads to better understanding of mechanisms involved in the translation of environmental impacts on biological systems. Further, we discuss in brief the expansion of the Hygiene Hypothesis to other disease areas like psychiatric disorders and cancer and conclude that the continuously developing Hygiene Hypothesis may provide a more generalized explanation for health burden in highly industrialized countries also relation to global changes.

The Potential Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie MacGregor ◽  
Wade S. Parkhouse
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

The role of the insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), previously known as the somatomedins, in general growth and development of various tissues has been known for many years. Thought of exclusively as endocrine factors produced by the liver, and under the control of growth hormone, the somatomedins were known as the intermediaries by which growth hormone exerted its cellular effects during tissue growth and maturation. Eventually it was discovered that virtually every tissue type is capable of autocrine production of the IGFs, and their involvement in skeletal muscle tissue repair and regeneration became apparent. Recent advances in technology have allowed the characterisation of many of the different growth factors believed to play a role in muscle regeneration, and experimental manipulations of cells in culture have provided insight into the effects of the various growth factors on the myoblast. This paper explores the potential role of the IGFs in skeletal muscle regeneration. A critical role of IGF-II in terminal differentiation of proliferating muscle precurser cells following injury is proposed. Key words: growth factors, myogenesis, skeletal muscle regeneration

Scaffold biomaterials and nano-based therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Tacchi ◽  
Josué Orozco-Aguilar ◽  
Danae Gutiérrez ◽  
Felipe Simon ◽  
Javier Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Cell Printing ◽  
Strength Recovery ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives ◽  
Hybrid Biomaterials

Skeletal muscle is integral to the functioning of the human body. Several pathological conditions, such as trauma (primary lesion) or genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), can affect and impair its functions or exceed its regeneration capacity. Tissue engineering (TE) based on natural, synthetic and hybrid biomaterials provides a robust platform for developing scaffolds that promote skeletal muscle regeneration, strength recovery, vascularization and innervation. Recent 3D-cell printing technology and the use of nanocarriers for the release of drugs, peptides and antisense oligonucleotides support unique therapeutic alternatives. Here, the authors present recent advances in scaffold biomaterials and nano-based therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and perspectives for future endeavors.

scholarly journals The role of TGF-β1 during skeletal muscle regeneration

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 706-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Delaney ◽  
Paulina Kasprzycka ◽  
Maria Anna Ciemerych ◽  
Malgorzata Zimowska
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Tgf Β1

scholarly journals Macrophages in Skeletal Muscle Dystrophies, An Entangled Partner

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Theret Marine ◽  
Saclier Marielle ◽  
Messina Graziella ◽  
Rossi M.V. Fabio
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Muscular Dystrophies ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Muscle Remodeling

While skeletal muscle remodeling happens throughout life, diseases that result in its dysfunction are accountable for many deaths. Indeed, skeletal muscle is exceptionally capable to respond to stimuli modifying its homeostasis, such as in atrophy, hypertrophy, regeneration and repair. In particular conditions such as genetic diseases (muscular dystrophies), skeletal muscle’s capacity to remodel is strongly affected and undergoes continuous cycles of chronic damage. This induces scarring, fatty infiltration, as well as loss of contractibility and of the ability to generate force. In this context, inflammation, primarily mediated by macrophages, plays a central pathogenic role. Macrophages contribute as the primary regulators of inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration, affecting tissue-resident cells such as myogenic cells and endothelial cells, but also fibro-adipogenic progenitors, which are the main source of the fibro fatty scar. During skeletal muscle regeneration their function is tightly orchestrated, while in dystrophies their fate is strongly disturbed, resulting in chronic inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings on the role of macrophages in skeletal muscle diseases, and how they are regulated.

scholarly journals Regulation of Blood and Lymphatic Vessels by Immune Cells in Tumors and Metastasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 535-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Mazzone ◽  
Gabriele Bergers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Tumor Vasculature ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cancer Hallmarks ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Vessel Growth ◽  
Lymphatic Vasculature

Research over the last decades has provided strong evidence for the pivotal role of the tumor-associated blood and lymphatic vasculature in supporting immunoevasion and in subverting T cell–mediated immunosurveillance. Conversely, tumor blood and lymphatic vessel growth is in part regulated by the immune system, with infiltrating innate as well as adaptive immune cells providing both immunosuppressive and various angiogenic signals. Thus, tumor angiogenesis and escape of immunosurveillance are two cancer hallmarks that are tightly linked and interregulated by cell constituents from compartments secreting both chemokines and cytokines. In this review, we discuss the implication and regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells in regulating blood and lymphatic angiogenesis in tumor progression and metastases. Moreover, we also highlight novel therapeutic approaches that target the tumor vasculature as well as the immune compartment to sustain and improve therapeutic efficacy in cancer.

scholarly journals From Innate to Adaptive Immune Response in Muscular Dystrophies and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: The Role of Lymphocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Madaro ◽  
Marina Bouché
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Current View ◽  
Muscle Necrosis

Skeletal muscle is able to restore contractile functionality after injury thanks to its ability to regenerate. Following muscle necrosis, debris is removed by macrophages, and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), the muscle stem cells, are activated and subsequently proliferate, migrate, and form muscle fibers restoring muscle functionality. In most muscle dystrophies (MDs), MuSCs fail to properly proliferate, differentiate, or replenish the stem cell compartment, leading to fibrotic deposition. However, besides MuSCs, interstitial nonmyogenic cells and inflammatory cells also play a key role in orchestrating muscle repair. A complete understanding of the complexity of these mechanisms should allow the design of interventions to attenuate MDs pathology without disrupting regenerative processes. In this review we will focus on the contribution of immune cells in the onset and progression of MDs, with particular emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We will briefly summarize the current knowledge and recent advances made in our understanding of the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and will move on to critically evaluate the possible role of cell populations within the acquired immune response. Revisiting previous observations in the light of recent evidence will likely change our current view of the onset and progression of the disease.

In vitro immunogenicity prediction: bridging between innate and adaptive immunity

Bioanalysis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivan Cohen ◽  
Shan Chung
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Immune Cell Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) is an undesirable potential outcome of administration of biotherapeutics and involves the innate and adaptive immune systems. ADAs can have detrimental clinical consequences: they can reduce biotherapeutic efficacy or produce adverse events. Because animal models are considered poor predictors of immunogenicity in humans, in vitro assays with human innate and adaptive immune cells are commonly used alternatives that can reveal cell-mediated unwanted immune responses. Multiple methods have been developed to assess the immune cell response following exposure to biotherapeutics and estimate the potential immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. This review highlights the role of innate and adaptive immune cells as the drivers of immunogenicity and summarizes the use of these cells in assays to predict clinical ADA.

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