Tracking Evolutions in CMHC Policy (1965-2006) Using Bob Jessop's Strategic Relational State Theory

This chapter tests another observable implication of the protest state theory; namely that where protest has normalized as an everyday form of political voice, political elites actively mobilize demonstrators in pursuit of their goals. In other words, rather than serving only as a spontaneous political expression of the masses, protest is often orchestrated and managed by formal political organizations. I first investigate how linkages to political organizations fuel contentious behavior in protest states like Argentina and Bolivia, but are more strongly associated with conventional participation in strongly institutionalized contexts like Chile and Uruguay. Then, utilizing a unique battery of questions from the AmericasBarometer national surveys of Argentina and Bolivia, I also test the hypothesis that clientelism can motivate protest participation in a context where protest has normalized as a standard form of political voice.

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Rentier Islamism

10.1093/oso/9780190861995.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Courtney Freer

Keyword(s):

United Arab Emirates ◽

Muslim Brotherhood ◽

State Theory ◽

Government Policies ◽

The Political ◽

Contemporary History ◽

Rentier State ◽

Oil Rents ◽

History Of ◽

Islamist Movements

This book, using contemporary history and original empirical research, updates traditional rentier state theory, which largely fails to account for the existence of Islamist movements, by demonstrating the political capital held by Muslim Brotherhood affiliates in Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). While rentier state theory predicts that citizens of such states will form opposition blocs only when their stake in rent income is threatened, this book demonstrates that ideology, rather than rent, has motivated the formation of independent Islamist movements in the wealthiest states of the region. It argues for this thesis by chronicling the history of the Brotherhood in Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE, and showing how the organization adapted to the changing (and often adverse) political environs of those respective countries to remain a popular and influential force for social, educational, and political change in the region. The presence of oil rents, then, far from rendering Islamist complaint politically irrelevant, shapes the ways in which Islamist movements seek to influence government policies.

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The Absolute Constitution

10.1093/oso/9780198791614.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin A. Schupmann

Keyword(s):

State Theory ◽

Public Order ◽

Constitutional Theory ◽

Mechanical State ◽

Equal Chance ◽

Basic Purpose ◽

The Absolute

Chapter 4 analyzes Schmitt’s constitutional theory and how it complements his state theory. It begins with Schmitt’s criticism of the predominant positivist conception of the constitution. Schmitt argued that the positivists’ “relativized” conception of the constitution was committed above all to the equal chance of any belief to be enacted into law. This chapter then analyzes Schmitt’s counterargument that, without a prior and “absolute” commitment to some substantive value, a constitution could not fulfill its basic purpose of providing a clearly defined and stable public order. Schmitt’s typology of Relative and Absolute Constitution maps onto his state theoretical distinction between mechanical state and absolute state. This chapter concludes by discussing Schmitt’s later analysis of the concept nomos and how his analysis builds on and develops his earlier work on the concept of the absolute constitution.

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Microscopic Interpretation of Arrhenius Parameters

10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Niels Engholm Henriksen ◽

Flemming Yssing Hansen

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Transition State ◽

Transition State Theory ◽

Average Energy ◽

Zero Point ◽

State Theory ◽

Exponential Factor ◽

Quantum Tunnelling ◽

Microscopic Interpretation ◽

The Difference

This chapter reviews the microscopic interpretation of the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy in rate constant expressions of the Arrhenius form. The pre-exponential factor of apparent unimolecular reactions is, roughly, expected to be of the order of a vibrational frequency, whereas the pre-exponential factor of bimolecular reactions, roughly, is related to the number of collisions per unit time and per unit volume. The activation energy of an elementary reaction can be interpreted as the average energy of the molecules that react minus the average energy of the reactants. Specializing to conventional transition-state theory, the activation energy is related to the classical barrier height of the potential energy surface plus the difference in zero-point energies and average internal energies between the activated complex and the reactants. When quantum tunnelling is included in transition-state theory, the activation energy is reduced, compared to the interpretation given in conventional transition-state theory.

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Bimolecular Reactions, Transition-State Theory

10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Niels Engholm Henriksen ◽

Flemming Yssing Hansen

Keyword(s):

Transition State ◽

Saddle Point ◽

Transition State Theory ◽

Classical Mechanics ◽

Small Degree ◽

State Theory ◽

Reaction Coordinate ◽

Partition Functions ◽

Bimolecular Reactions ◽

Activated Complex

This chapter discusses an approximate approach—transition-state theory—to the calculation of rate constants for bimolecular reactions. A reaction coordinate is identified from a normal-mode coordinate analysis of the activated complex, that is, the supermolecule on the saddle-point of the potential energy surface. Motion along this coordinate is treated by classical mechanics and recrossings of the saddle point from the product to the reactant side are neglected, leading to the result of conventional transition-state theory expressed in terms of relevant partition functions. Various alternative derivations are presented. Corrections that incorporate quantum mechanical tunnelling along the reaction coordinate are described. Tunnelling through an Eckart barrier is discussed and the approximate Wigner tunnelling correction factor is derived in the limit of a small degree of tunnelling. It concludes with applications of transition-state theory to, for example, the F + H2 reaction, and comparisons with results based on quasi-classical mechanics as well as exact quantum mechanics.

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Politonomy

10.1093/oso/9780198810223.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Martin Loughlin

Keyword(s):

State Theory ◽

Political Authority ◽

Scientific Understanding ◽

The Political ◽

Basic Law ◽

The Subject ◽

Scientific Significance

This chapter examines Carl Schmitt’s contribution to political jurisprudence. It approaches the issue through the concept of politonomy, a concept first alluded to by Schmitt but which he never developed. Politonomy seeks a scientific understanding of the basic laws and practices of the political. The chapter situates Schmitt within the German tradition of state theory and shows that his overall objective was to build a theory of the constitution of political authority from the most basic elements of the subject. It suggests that Schmitt occupies an ambivalent position in political jurisprudence and that this is because of his distrust of the scientific significance of general concepts. To the extent that he acknowledged the existence of a ‘law of the political’, this is found in Schmitt’s embrace of institutionalism in the 1930s and later in his account of nomos as the basic law of appropriation, division, and production.

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