From Anger to Attribution: Could Attention Be a Bridge?

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-518
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Peng ◽  
Maoyang Zhang ◽  
Dajun Zhang ◽  
Deguang Xie ◽  
Yusheng Guan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Neutral Group ◽  
Neutral State ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Daily Events ◽  
Attention Process ◽  
Information Salience ◽  
Salient Factor ◽  
Attribution Bias ◽  
Attention Scope

We explored whether or not anger increases attribution bias toward salient information by narrowing attention scope. In Experiment 1, participants made attributions about 6 daily events while experiencing anger or in a neutral state. The anger group was more biased toward the salient factor compared to the neutral group. Using eye-tracking methodology, in Experiment 2 we further demonstrated that attention scope that is narrowed due to anger is related to a polarized distribution of attention resources, particularly decreased eye fixation on the phrase containing nonsalient factors. Finally, in Experiment 3 we separated attention process from information salience and further confirmed that narrowing attention scope (polarizing attention resource) could bias the attribution. In sum, our results indicate that attention scope is the bridge by which anger increases attribution bias.

AN EYE FOR WORDS

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Godfroid ◽  
Frank Boers ◽  
Alex Housen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Initial Representation ◽  
Incidental Word Learning

This eye-tracking study tests the hypothesis that more attention leads to more learning, following claims that attention to new language elements in the input results in their initial representation in long-term memory (i.e., intake; Robinson, 2003; Schmidt, 1990, 2001).Twenty-eight advanced learners of English read English texts that contained 12 targets for incidental word learning. The target was a known word (control condition), a matched pseudoword, or that pseudoword preceded or followed by the known word (with the latter being a cue to the pseudoword’s meaning). Participants’ eye-fixation durations on the targets during reading served as a measure of the amount of attention paid (see Rayner, 2009).Results indicate that participants spent more time processing the unknown pseudowords than their matched controls. The longer participants looked at a pseudoword during reading, the more likely they were to recognize that word in an unannounced vocabulary posttest. Finally, the known, appositive cues were fixated longer when they followed the pseudowords than when they preceded them; however, their presence did not lead to higher retention of the pseudowords.We discuss how eye-tracking may add to existing methodologies for studying attention and noticing (Schmidt, 1990) in SLA.

scholarly journals Development of Eye Fixation Points Prediction Model from Eye Tracking Data using Neural Network

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boy Nurtjahyo Moch. ◽  
Komarudin Komarudin ◽  
Maulana Senjaya Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Fixation Points

Cognitive and Affective Eye Tracking Metrics for Detecting Insider Threat: A Study of Simulated Espionage

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Ryan Wohleber ◽  
Jinchao Lin ◽  
Lauren Reinerman-Jones ◽  
Valarie Yerdon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Insider Threat ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Local Controller ◽  
Normal Work

Insider Threat (IT) is a growing cybersecurity issue. Countermeasures based on cognitive engineering may utilize diagnostic eye fixation responses indicative of insider intent, elicited by Active Indicator Probes (AIPs). The current study embedded AIPs into an immersive simulation of espionage activities. Participants allocated to an insider role were required to monitor building images for cues to a terrorist person-of-interest, and communicate information to an external handler. Control participants performed matched normal work. Findings confirmed a previous finding that ITs show fixation responses suggestive of strategic concealment of interest. They also showed heightened attention to communications from their local controller. These results may contribute to identification of possible ITs for further screening.

scholarly journals Consumer Acceptability, Eye Fixation, and Physiological Responses: A Study of Novel and Familiar Chocolate Packaging Designs Using Eye-Tracking Devices

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeesha M. Gunaratne ◽  
Sigfredo Fuentes ◽  
Thejani M. Gunaratne ◽  
Damir D. Torrico ◽  
Hollis Ashman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Consumer Attention ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Devices

Eye fixations on packaging elements are not necessarily correlated to consumer attention or positive emotions towards those elements. This study aimed to assess links between the emotional responses of consumers and the eye fixations on areas of interest (AOI) of different chocolate packaging designs using eye trackers. Sixty participants were exposed to six novel and six familiar (commercial) chocolate packaging concepts on tablet PC screens. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis were performed on eye tracking, facial expressions, and self-reported responses. The results showed that there were significant positive correlations between liking and familiarity in commercially available concepts (r = 0.88), whereas, with novel concepts, there were no significant correlations. Overall, the total number of fixations on the familiar packaging was positively correlated (r = 0.78) with positive emotions elicited in people using the FaceReader™ (Happy), while they were not correlated with any emotion for the novel packaging. Fixations on a specific AOI were not linked to positive emotions, since, in some cases, they were related to negative emotions elicited in people or not even associated with any emotion. These findings can be used by package designers to better understand the link between the emotional responses of consumers and their eye fixation patterns for specific AOI.

The role of eye fixation in memory enhancement under stress – An eye tracking study

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Herten ◽  
Tobias Otto ◽  
Oliver T. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Eye Fixation

An Eye-Tracking Study on Audiovisual Speech Perception Strategies Adopted by Normal-Hearing and Deaf Adults Under Different Language Familiarities

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2245-2254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Wang ◽  
Yumeng Zhu ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Abdilbar Mamat ◽  
Mei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
Audiovisual Speech Perception ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
Bilingual Speaker ◽  
Primary Hypothesis ◽  
Standard Chinese

Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to explore the audiovisual speech perception strategies.80.23.47 adopted by normal-hearing and deaf people in processing familiar and unfamiliar languages. Our primary hypothesis was that they would adopt different perception strategies due to different sensory experiences at an early age, limitations of the physical device, and the developmental gap of language, and others. Method Thirty normal-hearing adults and 33 prelingually deaf adults participated in the study. They were asked to perform judgment and listening tasks while watching videos of a Uygur–Mandarin bilingual speaker in a familiar language (Standard Chinese) or an unfamiliar language (Modern Uygur) while their eye movements were recorded by eye-tracking technology. Results Task had a slight influence on the distribution of selective attention, whereas subject and language had significant influences. To be specific, the normal-hearing and the d10eaf participants mainly gazed at the speaker's eyes and mouth, respectively, in the experiment; moreover, while the normal-hearing participants had to stare longer at the speaker's mouth when they confronted with the unfamiliar language Modern Uygur, the deaf participant did not change their attention allocation pattern when perceiving the two languages. Conclusions Normal-hearing and deaf adults adopt different audiovisual speech perception strategies: Normal-hearing adults mainly look at the eyes, and deaf adults mainly look at the mouth. Additionally, language and task can also modulate the speech perception strategy.

Activation and Persistence of Implicit Causality Information in Spoken Language Comprehension

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirita Pyykkönen ◽  
Juhani Järvikivi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Implicit Causality ◽  
Causality Information ◽  
Spoken Language Comprehension

A visual world eye-tracking study investigated the activation and persistence of implicit causality information in spoken language comprehension. We showed that people infer the implicit causality of verbs as soon as they encounter such verbs in discourse, as is predicted by proponents of the immediate focusing account ( Greene & McKoon, 1995 ; Koornneef & Van Berkum, 2006 ; Van Berkum, Koornneef, Otten, & Nieuwland, 2007 ). Interestingly, we observed activation of implicit causality information even before people encountered the causal conjunction. However, while implicit causality information was persistent as the discourse unfolded, it did not have a privileged role as a focusing cue immediately at the ambiguous pronoun when people were resolving its antecedent. Instead, our study indicated that implicit causality does not affect all referents to the same extent, rather it interacts with other cues in the discourse, especially when one of the referents is already prominently in focus.

Processing of Social Identity Threats

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha de Hoog
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Neutral Group ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Social Identity Threat ◽  
Identity Threats ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Source Study

The underlying process of reactions to social identity threat was examined from a defense motivation perspective. Two studies measured respondents’ social identification, after which they read threatening group information. Study 1 compared positive and negative group information, attributed to an ingroup or outgroup source. Study 2 compared negative and neutral group information to general negative information. It was expected that negative group information would induce defense motivation, which reveals itself in biased information processing and in turn affects the evaluation of the information. High identifiers should pay more attention to, have higher threat perceptions of, more defensive thoughts of, and more negative evaluations of negative group information than positive or neutral group information. Findings generally supported these predictions.

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