scholarly journals Consumer Acceptability, Eye Fixation, and Physiological Responses: A Study of Novel and Familiar Chocolate Packaging Designs Using Eye-Tracking Devices

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeesha M. Gunaratne ◽  
Sigfredo Fuentes ◽  
Thejani M. Gunaratne ◽  
Damir D. Torrico ◽  
Hollis Ashman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Consumer Attention ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Devices

Eye fixations on packaging elements are not necessarily correlated to consumer attention or positive emotions towards those elements. This study aimed to assess links between the emotional responses of consumers and the eye fixations on areas of interest (AOI) of different chocolate packaging designs using eye trackers. Sixty participants were exposed to six novel and six familiar (commercial) chocolate packaging concepts on tablet PC screens. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis were performed on eye tracking, facial expressions, and self-reported responses. The results showed that there were significant positive correlations between liking and familiarity in commercially available concepts (r = 0.88), whereas, with novel concepts, there were no significant correlations. Overall, the total number of fixations on the familiar packaging was positively correlated (r = 0.78) with positive emotions elicited in people using the FaceReader™ (Happy), while they were not correlated with any emotion for the novel packaging. Fixations on a specific AOI were not linked to positive emotions, since, in some cases, they were related to negative emotions elicited in people or not even associated with any emotion. These findings can be used by package designers to better understand the link between the emotional responses of consumers and their eye fixation patterns for specific AOI.

scholarly journals The Level of Shelves and Space Solution as One of the Key Factors for Consumer Attention

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1679-1686
Author(s):  
Denis Drexler ◽  
Martin Souček
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Frozen Food ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Space Solution ◽  
Consumer Attention ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Different Levels

This paper is focused on consumer attention to the positioning of 5 product categories (packaged vegetables, dairy food, packaged fish, packaged meat and frozen food) in store bays and shelves. The results compare consumer attention to different levels of shelves. A different space solution – the SpaceGrid II system – was also used in the chosen bays. In these bays, the data indicate a distinct increase of consumer attention. The data were obtained through the eye‑tracking device SMI RED 250 (n = 22). Particular attention was given to consumer perception by analysing AOI (areas of interest). The research was carried out during September 2015 in the Eye‑Tracking Laboratory at Mendel University in Brno. The objective of the research was to identify attention in different levels of shelves and differences in perception between two types of shelves (classic and SpaceGrid). The results imply that the shelf level significantly influences the variability of attention of all product categories except for vegetables. The influence of the type of shelves was proven for meat and fish. The article also offers detailed information about the behaviour of participants who were surveyed in the framework of in depth interviews.

scholarly journals Eye tracking student strategies for solving stoichiometry problems involving particulate nature of matter diagrams

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Y. Baluyut ◽  
Thomas A. Holme
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Particulate Nature Of Matter ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Particulate Nature ◽  
Visual Behaviors ◽  
Chemical Equations ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Made In ◽  
Nature Of Matter

AbstractThis study compared how students obtained and used information from particulate nature of matter (PNOM) diagrams as well as balanced chemical equations when asked questions about stoichiometry concepts such as limiting and excess reagents, and yield. The comparisons were made in terms of visual behaviors by examining eye fixations while students responded to a 30-item online instrument. Statistically significant differences were found between visual behaviors of high- and low-performers on seven items, mostly those that dealt with correctly identifying the limiting reagent for each diagram. High-performing students were found to have spent more time examining PNOM diagrams and transitioned more frequently between parts of the diagrams and other areas of interest (AOIs) than low-performing students did. This study gives an example of how underlying strategies students used to respond to conceptual stoichiometry questions may be triangulated by the use of both quantitative and qualitative techniques in relation to eye tracking visual behaviors.

scholarly journals Toward Joint Acquisition-Annotation of Images with Egocentric Devices for a Lower-Cost Machine Learning Application to Apple Detection

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4173
Author(s):  
Salma Samiei ◽  
Pejman Rasti ◽  
Paul Richard ◽  
Gilles Galopin ◽  
David Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Image Annotation ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Egocentric Vision ◽  
Classical Image ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Devices

Since most computer vision approaches are now driven by machine learning, the current bottleneck is the annotation of images. This time-consuming task is usually performed manually after the acquisition of images. In this article, we assess the value of various egocentric vision approaches in regard to performing joint acquisition and automatic image annotation rather than the conventional two-step process of acquisition followed by manual annotation. This approach is illustrated with apple detection in challenging field conditions. We demonstrate the possibility of high performance in automatic apple segmentation (Dice 0.85), apple counting (88 percent of probability of good detection, and 0.09 true-negative rate), and apple localization (a shift error of fewer than 3 pixels) with eye-tracking systems. This is obtained by simply applying the areas of interest captured by the egocentric devices to standard, non-supervised image segmentation. We especially stress the importance in terms of time of using such eye-tracking devices on head-mounted systems to jointly perform image acquisition and automatic annotation. A gain of time of over 10-fold by comparison with classical image acquisition followed by manual image annotation is demonstrated.

scholarly journals Analysis of eye-tracking behaviours in a pediatric trauma simulation

CJEM ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Damji ◽  
Patricia Lee-Nobbee ◽  
David Borkenhagen ◽  
Adam Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Trauma Patient ◽  
Pediatric Trauma ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

ABSTRACTEye-tracking devices are able to capture eye movements, which are further characterized by fixations. The application of eye tracking in a trauma setting has not been explored. Visual fixation can be utilized as a surrogate measure of attention during the management of a trauma patient. We aimed to determine the feasibility of using eye tracking and to characterize eye tracking behaviours of pediatric emergency medicine physicians during management of a simulated pediatric trauma patient. Each participant was equipped with a head-mounted eye-tracking device during a standardized simulated pediatric trauma scenario. Each session was video recorded, with visual fixations defined as >0.2 seconds, and characterized by start time, duration, and the area of interest. Data from seven videos were analysed; 35% of eye fixations were directed towards the mannequin, 16% towards the monitor, and 13% towards the bedside doctor. Visual eye tracking in a trauma simulation is feasible. Frequency of fixations tends to be highest towards the patient. Eye tracking within trauma simulation may provide new insights into quality improvement and inform advancements in pediatric trauma.

scholarly journals Eye Fixation-Related Potentials during Visual Search on Acquaintance and Newly-Learned Faces

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Seungji Lee ◽  
Doyoung Lee ◽  
Hyunjae Gil ◽  
Ian Oakley ◽  
Yang Seok Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
P300 Component ◽  
Successful Search ◽  
Late Positive Potentials ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Face Task

Searching familiar faces in the crowd may involve stimulus-driven attention by emotional significance, together with goal-directed attention due to task-relevant needs. The present study investigated the effect of familiarity on attentional processes by exploring eye fixation-related potentials (EFRPs) and eye gazes when humans searched for, among other distracting faces, either an acquaintance’s face or a newly-learned face. Task performance and gaze behavior were indistinguishable for identifying either faces. However, from the EFRP analysis, after a P300 component for successful search of target faces, we found greater deflections of right parietal late positive potentials in response to newly-learned faces than acquaintance’s faces, indicating more involvement of goal-directed attention in processing newly-learned faces. In addition, we found greater occipital negativity elicited by acquaintance’s faces, reflecting emotional responses to significant stimuli. These results may suggest that finding a familiar face in the crowd would involve lower goal-directed attention and elicit more emotional responses.

scholarly journals Patient Clothing as a Healing Environment: A Qualitative Interview Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5357
Author(s):  
Seon-Ju Kam ◽  
Young-Sun Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Pattern Design ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study

Patients’ emotional responses to the hospital environment can be considered as important as medical technology and equipment. Therefore, this study investigated their experiences to determine whether the pattern using hospital identity (HI) elements, a widely used design method for patient clothing in university hospitals, can affect their emotional response and contribute to healing. It aimed to identify whether controlling the motif characteristics, arrangement, and spacing in this pattern design, and the direction between motifs, could be a method to design patient clothing for healing. To investigate patients’ emotional response and suggestions for patient clothing design, an interview-based qualitative approach was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 patients discharged from Kyung Hee University Hospital Medical Center (KHUMC), Seoul. The interview questions consisted of two parts. One part featured questions about participants’ emotional responses to the medical environment and their latest patient clothing experience, and the other featured questions about their emotional response to, and suggestions for, the healing expression of pattern design using HI. The results confirmed that the motif characteristics, arrangement, and spacing, and the direction between motifs, influenced patients’ positive emotions and contributed to the healing effect. Therefore, when the HI elements of a medical institution are applied in the design of patient clothing with the characteristics of a healing design, patients perceive this as providing stability and comfort. The design of patient clothing becomes a medium that not only builds the brand image of medical institutions, but also enhances the quality of medical services centered on patient healing.

scholarly journals The Recreational Trail of the El Caminito del Rey Natural Tourist Attraction, Spain: Determination of Hikers’ Flow

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1809
Author(s):  
Gemma María Gea-García ◽  
Carmelo Fernández-Vicente ◽  
Francisco J. Barón-López ◽  
Jesús Miranda-Páez
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

Hiking is a very popular outdoor activity, and has led to an exponential increase in the number of visitors to natural spaces. The objective of this study was to analyze the circulation pattern of visitors to the Caminito del Rey trail, based on the three zones into which the trail can be divided. The sample consisted of 1582 hikers distributed into three different profiles. Of these, 126 utilized an eye-tracking device during the hike, while, for the rest (1456), only their travel speed along the trail was recorded. The use of eye tracking devices identified a greater number of interesting landscapes located in zones 1 and 3 of the trail, and it was observed that the mean travel speed was greater for zone 2 (42.31 m/min) (p < 0.01). Additionally, when the three different visitor profiles were analyzed, significant differences were found between the mean travel speeds according to sectors (p < 0.05). This information is crucial for more efficient management of the trail, as it allows for the development of measures to control and regulate the flow of visitors according to zone, and the design of additional strategies to increase the awareness of the hiker about specific areas of the hike.

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392-1401
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pressler ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Dwell Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

The moderating impact of emotions on customer equity drivers and loyalty intentions

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohaib Razzaq ◽  
Salman Yousaf ◽  
Zhao Hong
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Customer Equity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Loyalty Intentions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the significant contribution of emotions along with other conventional loyalty drivers on the loyalty intentions. Design/methodology/approach The influence of three conventional loyalty drivers, i.e., value equity, brand equity, relationship equity on loyalty intentions was investigated by further exploring the moderating effects of negative and positive emotions. A sample of 834 Pakistani consumers in the supermarkets and banking industries was studied employing store-intercept survey design. Findings Consumer behavior is driven by emotions in both the supermarkets and banking context. Thus, in order to better predict customer loyalty intentions, the emotional component is crucial and should be included along with other cognitive components. Practical implications Since customers’ emotional responses throughout service delivery are strongly linked to loyalty, therefore supermarkets and bank service managers need to make sure that the customers experience with their services as pleasurable as possible and for this purpose, customer service employees need to be trained in order to better understand the customers’ emotional responses during the course of service delivery process. Originality/value The present study complements the existing literature regarding the role of emotions in service settings and offers a new point of view for the linkage among emotions, customer equity drivers and customer loyalty intentions.

An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Majooni ◽  
Mona Masood ◽  
Amir Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Information Graphics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document