scholarly journals RESOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF REFUGEES FROM OCCUPIED TERRITORIES DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF TVER GOVERNMENT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (05) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
A.E. Andreev ◽  

The article analyzes the activities of the Tver provincial institutions in solving the problems of refugees from the occupied territories during the First World War. In connection with wartime conditions, the list of tasks for the provincial institutions has increased significantly. The problems with refugees were multifaceted: providing them with housing, food, work, medical assistance. It was necessary to take additional sanitary measures and expand the network of medical institutions, which was impossible without the assistance of officials of administrative institutions. The conditions for refugees in urban and rural areas were completely different, but inflation and popular discontent were present everywhere.

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Wilkin ◽  
Maude Williams

This article explores Anglophobia as a topic in German wartime propaganda aimed at military and civilian communities of France. Anti-British topics were at the centre of a large campaign of propaganda designed to undermine French morale during the two world wars. This study will investigate the goals, the content, and the effects of Anglophobia in France to determine the relation between these two campaigns of psychological warfare. It will be argued that the Nazis and the Vichy regime almost entirely replicated the original production of Anglophobic propaganda in the occupied territories of France during the First World War. This article will also show that Anglophobia almost invariably failed to convince the French population.


2020 ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Cheplyanskaya ◽  

The article is based on an analysis of the Bryansk region State Archive’s documents and deals with the mobilization measures of the authorities, public organizations and residents of the Bryansk, Karachev, Sevsk and Trubchevsk uyezds of the Oryol Governorate, aimed at the organization of health care for sick and wounded combatants during the First World War. The significance of the city of Bryansk as an important railway junction and an evacuation point is highlighted. 18 hospitals were additionally organized by joint efforts in Bryansk at the very beginning of the war in addition to the already existing military hospital (a total of 1300 cots). At the same time, the key role of the All-Russian City Council for helping sick and wounded combatants in financing and maintaining a number of medical institutions is shown. The activities of the Bryansk Committee of the Red Cross, which coordinated the activities of all government and public organizations in the territory of the above-mentioned uyezds, are also characterized. The author mentions the Committee’s information concerning the hospitals that came up after the war outbreak. The activities of the Ladies’ Circle, which was engaged in both medical and charitable assistance, are especially noted. The article pays particular attention to the documents of the Bryansk military hospital as the main medical institution in the wartime conditions.


1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gallagher

During the twenty years after the First World War, Indian politics were moulded by two main forces, each of which drew strength from the other. Important constitutional changes devolved a range of powers to Indians. But the British did not plan these reforms of 1919 and 1935 as stages by which they would quit India, bag and baggage, but rather as adjustments in the methods of keeping their Indian connection while retaining intact most of its fundamental advantages. At the centre of government in India, the powers of the Raj were increased; in the provinces more and more authority was entrusted to Indians. This system canalized much of Indian political action into the provinces. Moreover, by placing the new provincial administrations upon greatly widened electorates, it gave the Raj a further range of collaborators, selected now for their mastery of vote-gathering. The reforms of 1919 provoked another seminal development. By widening the functions of local government bodies in municipalities and the rural areas, which were to be chosen by the same voters who elected the new provincial councils, they linked the politics of the localities more closely to the politics of the province.


2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-343
Author(s):  
Jos Monballyu

Bij het bestuderen van de strafrechtelijke vervolgingen van de activisten na de Eerste Wereldoorlog, besteedde men tot nog toe alleen aandacht aan de activisten die tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het bezette gebied werkzaam waren. Voor de strafrechtelijke vervolgingen van de activisten die tijdens die Eerste Wereldoorlog in de Duitse gevangenenkampen werkzaam waren, bestond tot op heden geen interesse. Nochtans hebben een aantal studies al aangetoond dat er in die gevangenenkampen, en dan voornamelijk in dat van Göttingen, een aantal zeer actieve kernen van activisten waren die in nauw contact stonden met de vertegenwoordigers van de Raad van Vlaanderen en allerlei initiatieven namen voor een Vlaamse ontvoogding na de oorlog. Deze gevangenen waren meestal militairen en dus krijgsgevangenen. Omdat zij hun activisme in militaire dienst hadden beleden, moesten zij zich na de oorlog verantwoorden voor een militaire rechtbank, eerst voor de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier van het Leger en daarna voor de krijgsraad van Brabant. Uitzonderlijk werd hun zaak behandeld door de krijgsraad van Antwerpen of die van Oost-Vlaanderen of van West-Vlaanderen. Uiteindelijk werden er voor 101 Vlaamse militairen een dossier aangelegd, waarvan er maar 35 moesten verschijnen voor een krijgsraad en maar 26 tot een straf, met inbegrip van de doodstraf, werden veroordeeld. De rest werd ofwel buiten vervolging gesteld of vrijgesproken. In het hiernavolgend artikel wordt uiteengezet wie die vervolgde militairen waren, in welke kampen zij actief waren, voor welke feiten zij vervolgd werden, op grond van welke strafwetsartikelen dit gebeurde en welke straffen zij opliepen.________The criminal prosecution of Flemish activism during the First World War in German prisoner of war camps (November 1918 – July 1925)Until the present, research into the criminal prosecution of activists after the First World War only focused on activists that were active in the occupied territories. The criminal prosecution of activists who were active in German prisoner of war camps during the First World War had not raised any interest until now. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that there were a number of very active cores of activists in those camps, in particular in Göttingen. These activists were in close contact with the representatives of the Council of Flanders and took varied initiatives to promote Flemish emancipation after the war. These prisoners were usually military and therefore prisoners of war. Because they had admitted their activism during their military service, they had to account for themselves after the war to a military court, first in front of the Court Martial of the Main Headquarters of the Army and consequently in front of the Court Martial of Brabant. Exceptionally their case was dealt with by the Court Martial of Antwerp or that of East or West Flanders. Finally legal documents were prepared for 101 Flemish military, of whom only 35 were called to appear before a Court Martial, and only 26 were convicted and given a sentence including the death penalty. For the remainder, either the charges were dropped, or they were acquitted. The following article will explain who those prosecuted military were, in which camps they were active, for which crimes they were prosecuted, on the basis of which articles of the law this was done and which sentences they received.


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