De strafrechtelijke repressie van het Vlaams activisme tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in de Duitse krijgsgevangenkampen (november 1918 tot juli 1925). Deel 2

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-343
Author(s):  
Jos Monballyu

Bij het bestuderen van de strafrechtelijke vervolgingen van de activisten na de Eerste Wereldoorlog, besteedde men tot nog toe alleen aandacht aan de activisten die tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het bezette gebied werkzaam waren. Voor de strafrechtelijke vervolgingen van de activisten die tijdens die Eerste Wereldoorlog in de Duitse gevangenenkampen werkzaam waren, bestond tot op heden geen interesse. Nochtans hebben een aantal studies al aangetoond dat er in die gevangenenkampen, en dan voornamelijk in dat van Göttingen, een aantal zeer actieve kernen van activisten waren die in nauw contact stonden met de vertegenwoordigers van de Raad van Vlaanderen en allerlei initiatieven namen voor een Vlaamse ontvoogding na de oorlog. Deze gevangenen waren meestal militairen en dus krijgsgevangenen. Omdat zij hun activisme in militaire dienst hadden beleden, moesten zij zich na de oorlog verantwoorden voor een militaire rechtbank, eerst voor de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier van het Leger en daarna voor de krijgsraad van Brabant. Uitzonderlijk werd hun zaak behandeld door de krijgsraad van Antwerpen of die van Oost-Vlaanderen of van West-Vlaanderen. Uiteindelijk werden er voor 101 Vlaamse militairen een dossier aangelegd, waarvan er maar 35 moesten verschijnen voor een krijgsraad en maar 26 tot een straf, met inbegrip van de doodstraf, werden veroordeeld. De rest werd ofwel buiten vervolging gesteld of vrijgesproken. In het hiernavolgend artikel wordt uiteengezet wie die vervolgde militairen waren, in welke kampen zij actief waren, voor welke feiten zij vervolgd werden, op grond van welke strafwetsartikelen dit gebeurde en welke straffen zij opliepen.________The criminal prosecution of Flemish activism during the First World War in German prisoner of war camps (November 1918 – July 1925)Until the present, research into the criminal prosecution of activists after the First World War only focused on activists that were active in the occupied territories. The criminal prosecution of activists who were active in German prisoner of war camps during the First World War had not raised any interest until now. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that there were a number of very active cores of activists in those camps, in particular in Göttingen. These activists were in close contact with the representatives of the Council of Flanders and took varied initiatives to promote Flemish emancipation after the war. These prisoners were usually military and therefore prisoners of war. Because they had admitted their activism during their military service, they had to account for themselves after the war to a military court, first in front of the Court Martial of the Main Headquarters of the Army and consequently in front of the Court Martial of Brabant. Exceptionally their case was dealt with by the Court Martial of Antwerp or that of East or West Flanders. Finally legal documents were prepared for 101 Flemish military, of whom only 35 were called to appear before a Court Martial, and only 26 were convicted and given a sentence including the death penalty. For the remainder, either the charges were dropped, or they were acquitted. The following article will explain who those prosecuted military were, in which camps they were active, for which crimes they were prosecuted, on the basis of which articles of the law this was done and which sentences they received.

Author(s):  
Nataliia KRAVETS

The article deals with the national-cultural activities of Vasyl Prokhoda in the POW camps in Austria-Hungary during the First World War. First of all, the stages of military service in the Russian army on the eve and during the Great War have been clarified (1912 – beginning of service in the 51st Lithuanian Regiment in Simferopol; 1913 – courses of the reserve ensigns; November 1914 – the rank of ensign; the Austro-Hungarian front of the First World War; winter 1914–1915 – participation in the Carpathian Operation of the Russian Army, captivity). Special attention is paid to his staying in the POW camps (Josefstadt, Liberec, Brux (Most), Theresienstadt (Terezin), stages of his national identity evolution. It stated that the formation of V. Prokhoda's national identity was facilitated by various factors: first of all, acquaintance with K. Kuril, program documents of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, creation of Ukrainian libraries, choirs, drama clubs in the camps, reading of works by T. Shevchenko, M. Vovchka, etc. The author also investigates the public activities of V. Prokhoda in the POW camps, his contribution to the organization of Ukrainian life there, highlights living conditions in the camps (according to his observations), as well as specifics of inter-ethnic relations against the backdrop of events of the Russian Revolution 1917. The perception and attitude of nationally conscious Ukrainians (prisoners of war), in particular, V. Prokhody, to the creation of the Ukrainian Central Rada, its I and II Universals, the resolutions of the first military congresses in Ukraine, the Bolshevik coup in Russia in October 1917, compared to the estimates of these events by Russians (prisoners of war). The circumstances that opened the possibility of forming Ukrainian divisions of prisoners of war and sending them to disposal of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in the first half of 1918 were clarified. The last months of V. Prokhoda's staying in the POW camps under conditions of his health deterioration, the circumstances of his returning to Ukraine after the coup of P. Skoropadskyi are presented. Keywords Vasyl Prokhoda, national and cultural activity, POW camps, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.


2018 ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Birgit Menzel

Reinhard Nachtigal addresses the fate of the nearly 7 million prisoners of war in Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary and the challenges they both encountered and created in the early phase of the First World War. Among the issues discussed in this comparative analysis of prisoner of war camps are the different treatment prisoners were accorded based on nationality or ethnicity, the incidence of epidemics, housing shortages for inmates, enemy combatants used as a workforce for the custodial country, and abuse of prisoners.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (08) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Джамиля Яшар гызы Рустамова ◽  

The article is dedicated to the matter of Turkish prisoners on the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea during the First World War. According to approximate computations, there were about 50-60 thousand people of Turkish captives in Russia. Some of them were sent to Baku because of the close location to the Caucasus Front and from there they were sent to the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea. As time showed it was not the right choise. The Island had no decent conditions for living and turned the life of prisoners into the hell camp. Hastily built barracks contravene meet elementary standards, were poorly heated and by the end of the war they were not heated at all, water supply was unsatisfactory, sometimes water was not brought to the prisoner's several days. Bread was given in 100 grams per person per day, and then this rate redused by half. Knowing the plight of the prisoners, many citizens of Baku as well as the Baku Muslim Charitable Society and other charitable societies provided moral and material support to prisoners, they often went to the camp, brought food, clothes, medicines Key words: World War I, prisoners of war, Nargin Island, refugees, incarceration conditions, starvation, charity


Author(s):  
Amanda M. Nagel

In the midst of the long black freedom struggle, African American military participation in the First World War remains central to civil rights activism and challenges to systems of oppression in the United States. As part of a long and storied tradition of military service for a nation that marginalized and attempted to subjugate a significant portion of US citizens, African American soldiers faced challenges, racism, and segregation during the First World War simultaneously on the home front and the battlefields of France. The generations born since the end of the Civil War continually became more and more militant when resisting Jim Crow and insisting on full, not partial, citizenship in the United States, evidenced by the events in Houston in 1917. Support of the war effort within black communities in the United States was not universal, however, and some opposed participation in a war effort to “make the world safe for democracy” when that same democracy was denied to people of color. Activism by organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) challenged the War Department’s official and unofficial policy, creating avenues for a larger number of black officers in the US Army through the officers’ training camp created in Des Moines, Iowa. For African American soldiers sent to France with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), the potential for combat experience led to both failures and successes, leading to race pride as in the case of the 93rd Division’s successes, and skewed evidence for the War Department to reject increasing the number of black officers and enlisted in the case of the 92nd Division. All-black Regular Army regiments, meanwhile, either remained in the United States or were sent to the Philippines rather than the battlefields of Europe. However, soldiers’ return home was mixed, as they were both celebrated and rejected for their service, reflected in both parades welcoming them home and racial violence in the form of lynchings between December 1918 and January 1920. As a result, the interwar years and the start of World War II roughly two decades later renewed the desire to utilize military service as a way to influence US legal, social, cultural, and economic structures that limited African American citizenship.


Author(s):  
Hew Strachan

This chapter addresses Scottish military service during the First World War, showing how from having underperformed before the war, Scotland overperformed during the war’s first two years. Particularly striking was how many recruits came from agricultural backgrounds, although in absolute terms the big cities still contributed more men. As the Territorial Army (TA) was the principal Scottish route into the army, the battle of Loos in October 1915 had an enormous local impact: this was Scotland’s equivalent of the Somme. Every Scottish infantry regiment was represented, and both the 9th and 15th Scottish Divisions were TA Lowland Divisions. From Loos came the literary representation of the war, especially Ian Hay’s The First Hundred Thousand and John Buchan’s war poetry. The effect of the First World War, with Scottish infantry regiments raising twenty-plus battalions, was to disseminate those regimental identities much more widely across Scottish society. An enhanced Scottish identity was created, and it emerged in a military context. Overwhelmingly this identity was set within the context of the Union and the empire.


2021 ◽  
pp. 456-487
Author(s):  
Ruslan A. Poddubtsev ◽  

This work is a detailed commentary to the futurists’ literary page “Mourning Hurray” (“Traurnoe Ura”), which was published in November 1914 in the Nov’ newspaper. Newspaper versions of texts are compared with later versions from collected works and poetic features are revealed. The historical background of the publication is restored and the poets’ attitude to military service during the First World War are clarified. Critical responses given by Nov’ publicists are considered and the discussion between V. Mayakovsky, N. Raevsky and A. A. Suvorin is described. The commentary makes it possible to look at the page “Mourning Hurray” as a complete artistic statement.


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