scholarly journals EXPRESSIVE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES IN M.E. SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN'S ARTISTIC DISCOURSE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga A. Chupryakova ◽  
Svetlana S. Safonova ◽  
Mukhit T. Abikenov
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Objective State ◽  
Moral Orientations ◽  
State Of Affairs

The article is dedicated to the research of expressive syntactic structures in M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s artistic discourse that received major or minor types and phraseological statuses. By strikingly combining and synthesizing real and fictional things, writer reaches the heights of satirical imagery. It should be noted that, judging by the satirical nature of his works, the intensity semantics (exaggeration or hyperbole) carries a strong importance, while the wide specter of hypotaxis-based sentences is used as a means of its realization. Syntactic units of idiomatic structure that express intensity-consequential, concession-amplification, temporal-concession and other relations are differentiated by their semantic diversity, merging of informative and connotative meanings, combination of real and surreal contents, combination of stable and variable components. The expressions created by the tak/takoj/nastol'ko/do togo/do takoj stepeni…chto; slishkom/chereschur…chtoby; chto (by) ni/kak (by) ni…a; uzh na chto…a; ne uspeet…a (kak); eshche ne..., a uzh scheme are related to the phrase models mentioned above. They are formed on the base of constant components that make up sentence’s carcass, which provides free lexical filling. Meanwhile, the sphere of relational meanings is complicated by the modus-expressive meanings. Semantics of contrast, unusualness, suddenness (subjective hyperbolization that does not match the objective state of affairs, combining of incompatible, shift of moral orientations, combination of real and potential plans etc.) contributes to the appearance of the comical or sarcastic effect. In the functional and textual aspect, the analyzed phrase models become the leading means of presenting speaker’s position in the comprehension of world’s moral picture

Authentic Subjectivity and Genuine Objectivity

Horizons ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Bracken
Keyword(s):  
Bernard Lonergan ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Objective State ◽  
State Of Affairs

AbstractGenuine objectivity, says Bernard Lonergan, is the fruit of authentic subjectivity. Certainly, the two are closely linked. In this essay, I propose that authentic subjectivity consists, not in overcoming the particularities of one's subjective standpoint in order to embrace a hypothetical universal viewpoint shared in common with other individuals, but in getting more deeply in touch with the unique particularity of one's own perspective in order better to appreciate both the similarities with and the differences from the standpoints of other individuals. Genuine objectivity, then, consists in recognizing that there neither is nor ever will be a universal standpoint. All standpoints by definition are particular. This is not to deny, of course, that at any given moment there is an objective state of affairs, quite apart from any one's subjective perception of it, but only to affirm that no one (not even God) has a totally objective grasp of that same state of affairs.

scholarly journals Reading Rape in Livy's History of Rome, Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece and J.M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Erin Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Legal Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Objective State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Victim Response ◽  
Rape Of Lucrece ◽  
Single Objective

<p>Mieke Bal argues that rape "takes place inside. In this sense, rape is by definition imagined; it can exist only as experience and as memory, as image translated into signs, never adequately 'objectifiable'" (100). In this thesis, by critically examining some ways in which rape has been made to seem objectifiable in literature, I argue that rape cannot simply be 'seen' from a "point-of-viewless" (Rooney 89) perspective. My argument supports Catharine A. MacKinnon's call for a rethinking of rape-related "legal process as one involving a choice between incommensurate meanings rather than one of uncovering a (temporarily hidden) fact, the Truth" (Rooney 90). I argue that, in Livy's History of Rome and Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece, rape is portrayed as an objectifiably visible spectacle; the rape victim's description of rape functions in a capacity analogous to testimony, supporting "rape law's assumption that a single, objective state of affairs existed" (MacKinnon 654); and the rape victim's post-rape, self-inflicted violence functions as a form of self-punishment which references historically specific correlations between female unchastity and socio-political calamity. In contrast, I argue that, in J.M. Coetzee's novel In the Heart of the Country, the narration discourages readers from accepting the objectifiability of the rape which it relates; the narrator's "meditations" (Gallagher 82) deviate from the conventions of testimony, expressing instead the "incommensurate meanings" (Rooney 90) that rape holds for the victim herself; and the descriptions of violence, abuse, and victim response present the chance for readers to interpret the aftermath of rape in a manner other than that which "conveys the idea that the victim is responsible for her own destruction" (Bal 100).</p>

Language

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-98
Author(s):  
Miriam Feldmann Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Language Game ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Linguistic System ◽  
Objective State ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
The Way

This chapter begins with Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, which offers seminal philosophical reflections on language. It looks at the numerous implications of Wittgenstein's observations in semiotics, cognition, sociology, and linguistics that testify to the acuteness of the problem of language for philosophy. It also examines how Wittgenstein delved into the way language functions and how he abandoned the hope of constructing a linguistic system based on representation. The chapter discusses the 'language game', which reflect different forms of life or the activities in which individuals engage on a daily basis. It talks about contemporary philosophers, which demonstrate that language does not describe an objective state of affairs but, rather, reveals a particular perspective and worldview that is rooted in culture.

Giving a Source or Basis: The Practice in Conversation of Telling “How I Know”

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-219
Author(s):  
Anita Pomerantz
Keyword(s):  
Objective State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Way

The way an assertion is formed bears on the nature of the claim for which the speaker is accountable. Speakers are accountable for different claims in saying “There are flies here” versus “I haven't noticed any flies here” versus “John said there are no flies here.” A feature of describing one’s basis is that smaller claims are made than in asserting an objective state of affairs. In describing what is directly experienced, speakers are strictly accountable for representing only their experiences while they imply that these experiences are more or less typical. In reporting what others have said, speakers are strictly accountable for citing accurately, not for the views cited. Several uses for giving a source or basis of an assertion are described. Reporting a source may be used to argue for the validity of a claim, back away from the validity of a claim, and/or remove oneself from authorship accountability. The credibility of the cited source is crucial for whether a claim is portrayed as more or less believable. Interactants report their sources during disputes, in situations of doubt, and when they perform sensitive actions.

scholarly journals Reading Rape in Livy's History of Rome, Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece and J.M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Erin Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Legal Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Objective State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Victim Response ◽  
Rape Of Lucrece ◽  
Single Objective

<p>Mieke Bal argues that rape "takes place inside. In this sense, rape is by definition imagined; it can exist only as experience and as memory, as image translated into signs, never adequately 'objectifiable'" (100). In this thesis, by critically examining some ways in which rape has been made to seem objectifiable in literature, I argue that rape cannot simply be 'seen' from a "point-of-viewless" (Rooney 89) perspective. My argument supports Catharine A. MacKinnon's call for a rethinking of rape-related "legal process as one involving a choice between incommensurate meanings rather than one of uncovering a (temporarily hidden) fact, the Truth" (Rooney 90). I argue that, in Livy's History of Rome and Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece, rape is portrayed as an objectifiably visible spectacle; the rape victim's description of rape functions in a capacity analogous to testimony, supporting "rape law's assumption that a single, objective state of affairs existed" (MacKinnon 654); and the rape victim's post-rape, self-inflicted violence functions as a form of self-punishment which references historically specific correlations between female unchastity and socio-political calamity. In contrast, I argue that, in J.M. Coetzee's novel In the Heart of the Country, the narration discourages readers from accepting the objectifiability of the rape which it relates; the narrator's "meditations" (Gallagher 82) deviate from the conventions of testimony, expressing instead the "incommensurate meanings" (Rooney 90) that rape holds for the victim herself; and the descriptions of violence, abuse, and victim response present the chance for readers to interpret the aftermath of rape in a manner other than that which "conveys the idea that the victim is responsible for her own destruction" (Bal 100).</p>

JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND NATURAL RIGHTS CLAIMS: A RECONSIDERATION OF AQUINAS'S CONCEPTION OF RIGHT

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Porter
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Natural Right ◽  
Objective State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

AbstractAccording to a widely held view, Aquinas does not have a notion of subjective natural rights, understood as moral powers inhering in individuals. This article argues that this way of reading Aquinas is wrong, or at best, seriously misleading. Aquinas does identify the right, the object of justice, with the relation established between parties to an equitable exchange or interaction, and in this sense he identifies right with an objective state of affairs. But this line of analysis does not commit him to any particular construal of what constitutes a just relation. In particular, it leaves open the possibility that in some situations, the right, understood as an objectively equitable relation, presupposes that someone's claim of a right, is duly acknowledged. Moreover, in many contexts Aquinas says that individuals can claim certain liberties and immunities on the basis of some natural right, in terms that make it clear that these claims lie within the discretion of the individual. His overall conception of natural law and natural right implies that individuals can legitimately make certain claims by right, claims that emerge within some contexts and not others. He does not have a theory of rights, but neither do the scholastic jurists of the time, and his appeals to what someone can claim by right are reminiscent of their views. If they can be said to have a notion of subjective natural rights, the same can be said of Aquinas himself.

scholarly journals The original Wigner’s friend paradox within a realist toy model

2021 ◽  
Vol 477 (2254) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Lostaglio ◽  
Joseph Bowles
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Unitary Evolution ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
External Agent ◽  
Wigner’S Friend ◽  
Objective State ◽  
State Of Affairs

The original Wigner’s friend paradox is a gedankenexperiment involving an observer described by an external agent. The paradox highlights the tension between unitary evolution and collapse in quantum theory, and is sometimes taken as requiring a reassessment of the notion of objective reality. In this note, however, we present a classical toy model in which (i) the contradicting predictions at the heart of the thought experiment are reproduced (ii) every system is in a well-defined state at all times. The toy model shows how puzzles such as Wigner’s friend’s experience of being in a superposition, conflicts between different agents’ descriptions of the experiment, the positioning of the Heisenberg’s cut and the apparent lack of objectivity of measurement outcomes can be explained within a classical model where there exists an objective state of affairs about every physical system at all times. Within the model, the debate surrounding the original Wigner’s friend thought experiment and its resolution have striking similarities with arguments concerning the nature of the second law of thermodynamics. The same conclusion however does not apply to more recent extensions of the gedankenexperiment featuring multiple encapsulated observers, and shows that such extensions are indeed necessary avoid simple classical explanations.

The Need for a Broad-Based Model of Phonological Disorders

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Kamhi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Speech Delays ◽  
Explanatory Adequacy ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Treatment Procedures

My response to Fey’s article (1985; reprinted 1992, this issue) focuses on the confusion caused by the application of simplistic phonological definitions and models to the assessment and treatment of children with speech delays. In addition to having no explanatory adequacy, such definitions/models lead either to assessment and treatment procedures that are similarly focused or to procedures that have no clear logical ties to the models with which they supposedly are linked. Narrowly focused models and definitions also usually include no mention of speech production processes. Bemoaning this state of affairs, I attempt to show why it is important for clinicians to embrace broad-based models of phonological disorders that have some explanatory value. Such models are consistent with assessment procedures that are comprehensive in nature and treatment procedures that focus on linguistic, as well as motoric, aspects of speech.

Acquiring Syntactic Structures

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 551-551
Author(s):  
Rosemary J. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structures
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