English modal enclitic constructions: a diachronic, usage-based study of ’d and ’ll

English modal enclitics (’d and ’ll) are typically conceived of as colloquial pronunciation variants that are semantically identical to their respective full forms (would and will). Although this conception has already been challenged by Nesselhauf, Nadja. 2014. From contraction to construction? The recent life of ’ll. In Marianne Hundt (ed.), Late modern English syntax, 77–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Daugs, Robert. 2021. Contractions, constructions and constructional change: Investigating the constructionhood of English modal contractions from a diachronic perspective. In Martin Hilpert, Bert Cappelle & Ilse Depraetere (eds.), Modality and diachronic construction grammar, 12–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, who argue for the constructional status of both enclitics, the present study proposes a refinement according to which the differences between enclitics and full forms can be pinpointed to specific co-occurrence patterns. Rather than rashly postulating a general ’d-construction or an ’ll-construction, the data indicate that lower-level instances, like I’d V, we’ll V, or it would V, are very much capable of capturing the meaning differences between enclitics and full forms without recourse to higher, more abstract level. This is achieved by assessing the changes in the associative links these patterns entertain in a data-driven, bottom-up fashion. By utilizing the COHA and a variety of quantitative methods, it can be shown that, although enclitic patterns become more frequent and more varied, they remain overall still more restricted than the full forms, which promotes the emergence of ‘new’ symbolic associations. The results are integrated into current research in Diachronic Construction Grammar (Hilpert, Martin. 2013. Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word formation, and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Hilpert, Martin. 2021. Ten lectures in diachronic construction grammar. Leiden: Brill) and dynamic, network-oriented models of language (Schmid, Hans-Jörg. 2020. The dynamics of the linguistic system: Usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. Oxford: Oxford University Press).

The role of semiotics in the unification of langue and parole: an Agentive Cognitive Construction Grammar approach to English modals

This article introduces Agentive Cognitive Construction Grammar, an emerging field that seeks to connect the linguistic system with speaker-meaning. The stated purpose is thus to tackle a pervasive disconnect in both cognitive linguistics and construction grammar, whereby the linguistic system (langue) and speaker selections (parole) are separated in the belief that language is essentially a mental process associated with the brain, and hence, separated from bodily experience. I contend this view by introducing a triadic model of construction (based on the Peircean sign) in which form and function are inextricably bound up with agency. This is possible because language is tethered to senses of movement and balance that connect experiences with the physical world with the mental. A major insight of the paper is that argument structure constructions partake of both linguistic and non-linguistic signs, which provides speakers with a means to verbalize their thoughts and distribute agency in specific events.

A Computer-Assisted Writing Tool for an Extended Variety of Leichte Sprache (Easy-to-Read German)

Leichte Sprache (LS; easy-to-read German) defines a variety of German characterized by simplified syntactic constructions and a small vocabulary. It provides barrier-free information for a wide spectrum of people with cognitive impairments, learning difficulties, and/or a low level of literacy in the German language. The levels of difficulty of a range of syntactic constructions were systematically evaluated with LS readers as part of the recent LeiSA project (Bock, 2019). That study identified a number of constructions that were evaluated as being easy to comprehend but which fell beyond the definition of LS. We therefore want to broaden the scope of LS to include further constructions that LS readers can easily manage and that they might find useful for putting their thoughts into words. For constructions not considered in the LeiSA study, we performed a comparative treebank study of constructions attested to in a collection of 245 LS documents from a variety of sources. Employing the treebanks TüBa-D/S (also called VERBMOBIL) and TüBa-D/Z, we compared the frequency of such constructions in those texts with their incidence in spoken and written German sources produced without the explicit goal of facilitating comprehensibility. The resulting extension is called Extended Leichte Sprache (ELS). To date, text in LS has generally been produced by authors proficient in standard German. In order to enable text production by LS readers themselves, we developed a computational linguistic system, dubbed ExtendedEasyTalk. This system supports LS readers in formulating grammatically correct and semantically coherent texts covering constructions in ELS. This paper outlines the principal components: (1) a natural-language paraphrase generator that supports fast and correct text production while taking readership-design aspects into account, and (2) explicit coherence specifications based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) to express the communicative function of sentences. The system’s writing-workshop mode controls the options in (1) and (2). Mandatory questions generated by the system aim to teach the user when and how to consider audience-design concepts. Accordingly, users are trained in text production in a similar way to elementary school students, who also tend to omit audience-design cues. Importantly, we illustrate in this paper how to make the dialogues of these components intuitive and easy to use to avoid overtaxing the user. We also report the results of our evaluation of the software with different user groups.

Supporting Advanced Multilingual Speakers as Individuals

Translanguaging is a concept that is increasingly used in multilingualism studies with disparate definitions and uses in the literature. In this chapter, students who are advanced multilingual speakers at home, school, and elsewhere are in focus. The chapter examines historical and contemporary definitions of translanguaging and shows that not all definitions view the literacy practices of advanced multilingual speakers as translanguaging. However, those that see these speakers as having a unitary linguistic system allow the literacy practices of advanced multilingual speakers to be viewed as translanguaging. Working from this perspective, the chapter argues for translanguaging writing spaces to be created in schools as a way to foster learning. The chapter also presents ways in which teachers can support the creation of these spaces in multilingual classrooms and considers how translanguaging writing spaces can be maintained when advanced multilingual speakers move to writing for monolingual readers. The challenge of this move is also discussed.

Makna Syifa dalam al-Qur’an (Analisis Semiotika Roland Barthes pada QS al-Isra 82)

This paper examines the meaning of shifa in the Qur'an as stated in Q.S. Al-Israa [17]: 82 which can be used as a means of treating various diseases, both psychological and physical. Employing the semiotic theory of Roland Barthes consisting of two stages (the linguistic system which is also interpreted as denotative meaning and the system of mythology (myth) as connotative meaning), the results obtained that shifa is not only oriented to the psychic alone, but to healing both the psychic (spiritual) and physical. The message contained in the verse is that it is recommended to do treatment using the Qur'an, with lawful (halal) practices, and it is not allowed to practice medical treatment that can classify to shirk such as using magic spells, mediation of belief in objects, sacred places of worship, and other things that are superstitious. Tulisan ini mengkaji tentang makna syifa dalam Al-Qur'an sebagaimana tertuang dalam Q.S. Al-Israa [17]: 82 yang dapat digunakan sebagai sarana pengobatan berbagai penyakit, baik psikis maupun fisik. Dengan menggunakan teori semiotika Roland Barthes yang terdiri dari dua tahap (sistem linguistik yang juga diartikan sebagai makna denotatif dan sistem mitologi (mitos) sebagai makna konotatif), diperoleh hasil bahwa syifa tidak hanya berorientasi pada psikis saja, tetapi untuk penyembuhan baik psikis (spiritual) maupun fisik. Pesan yang terkandung dalam ayat tersebut adalah dianjurkan untuk melakukan pengobatan dengan menggunakan Al-Qur'an, dengan praktik yang halal dan tidak diperbolehkan melakukan praktik pengobatan yang dapat digolongkan ke dalam syirik seperti menggunakan mantra sihir, perantaraan benda-benda, tempat-tempat ibadah yang keramat, dan hal-hal lain yang bersifat takhayul.

Nationally oriented automotive marketing in China

  This article examines the specificity of formation of nationally oriented automotive marketing in China. The object of this research is the Chinese nationally oriented automotive marketing, while the subject is verbal and nonverbal means of its creation. Special attention is given to the analysis of the techniques of creating texts for nationally oriented automobile advertising in the Chinese language, in which multimodal means are used for the development of a positive image of the country and impact upon the domestic audience. The goal lies in determination of the specific features of multimodal media characteristic for such type of advertising. The article employs the methods of lexical-semantic and contextual analysis to reveal the linguopragmatic potentials of the text; method of linguoculturological commentary to describe the ethnocultural specificity; method of multimodal discourse analysis to examine the interaction of semiotic complexes in advertising The scientific novelty consists in studying the nationally oriented marketing strategies from the perspective of the theory of multimodality, which requires the analysis of semiotic heterogeneous codes in the advertising text. It is proven that the specificity of multimodal complex in the texts of Chinese nationally oriented automobile marketing manifests on the level of verbal and nonverbal means used therein. This is substantiated by the unique cultural-historical and social factors, as well as the peculiarities of the Chinese linguistic system. The acquired results may find practical implementation in teaching Chinese language, as well as in research on marketing linguistics.  

The Concept of the Meaning of Uff in the al-Qur'an

This paper discusses the concept of Birru al-Walidain in the Qur’an, especially in Qs. al-Isra 'verse 23 which seems to be ignored nowadays, of course, Birru al-Walidain here is related to actions, especially words to parents. In the study of semiotics, the word uff is a symbol in the delivery of speech that must be interpreted. One of the semiotic theories developed by scholars is Roland Barthes' semiotics because Barthes uses structural analysis in textual criticism. In his theory, Barthes offers two stages of theory. First, it is referred to as a linguistic system or commonly known as denotative meaning. Second, it is called a mythological system commonly known as connotative meaning. More details. The linguistic system is textual reading and the mythological system is contextual reading. It is certain that the concept of Birru al-Walidainin the Qur'an is very relevant to Barthes' theory, even to other contemporary problems today. Then, the author will apply Barthes' semiotic theory to understand the concept of Birru al-Walidainin the Qur’an. The results of the application of the theory in Q.S al-Isra verse 23, namely: the linguistic system in the word uff which is not only interpreted as "ah" but also a prohibition not to speak harshly to parents. While the mythological system is that a child is required to serve his parents by loving them both. The ideology contained in this verse is related to morals, not only to parents, but also to older people.

Recounting Traumatic Events: Pragmatic and Multimodal Discourse Analysis in Audrie and Daisy (Pengisahan Kejadian Traumatis: Analisis Wacana Multimodal dan Pragmatik dalam Audrie dan Daisy)

AbstrakFilm sebagai wacana sinematik dapat menjadi media untuk membahas hasil kerja sistem linguistik, fitur audio-visual, dan efek visual lainnya dengan menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Makalah ini bertujuan menganalisis wacana sinematik sebuah film dokumenter berjudul Audrie and Daisy, yang menggambarkan kronologi perundungan dan kekerasan seksual yang dialami oleh dua siswi sekolah menengah bernama Audrie dan Daisy, dengan menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Makalah ini menjelaskan bagaimana sistem linguistik yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan bahasa pada wawancara dan investigasi, sinematografi, dan mise-en-scene pada film berhubungan satu dengan yang lain sehingga menjadikan pesan dan isi cerita menjadi bermakna. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif untuk mendapatkan gambaran dan pemahaman mengenai unsur-unsur penting dalam film. Tujuan dari penelitian ini tidak hanya untuk menunjukkan fitur-fitur wacana sinematik tetapi juga untuk menjelaskan makna tersirat dari fitur-fitur tersebut dalam film dan menganalisis tata organisasi film. Dalam pendekatan pragmatik dan wacana sinematik, gagasan mengenai verbal (suara diegetik) dan non-verbal (suara non-diegetik) berkaitan dengan multimodalitas film yang menjadikan pesan menjadi bermakna. Selain itu, hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa film ini menggunakan pendekatan monochronicity untuk menyusun dokumen sinematografi.Kata kunci: Audrie and Daisy, analisis wacana multimodal, sistem linguistik, fitur audio visual, monochronocity Abstract A movie as a cinematic discourse can be a medium for examining the work of linguistic system, audio-visual features, and other visual effects by using the pragmatic approach. This paper aims to analyze the pragmatic and cinematic discourse in a documentary movie Audrie and Daisy, which portrays the chronology of bullying and sexual assault experienced by high school students, Audrie and Daisy. This paper describes how the linguistic systems which are related to the language used in the interview and investigation, the cinematography, and mise-en-scene of the movie can link to one another to make the message and the content of the story meaningful. This study employs a qualitative research method to gain insight and understanding of the significant elements of the movie. The purpose of this research is not only to point out the features of cinematic discourse but also to explain the meaning of the features in the movie and analyze the organization of this movie. Within the framework of pragmatic and cinematic discourse, the notion of verbal (diegetic sound) and non-verbal (non-diegetic sound) are connected to the multimodality of the movie to make a message purposeful. The documentary also utilizes the monochronicity approach to compose the cinematography document.Keywords: Audrie and Daisy, multimodal discourse analysis, linguistic system, audio-visual features, monochronicity

Epistemological Challenges Against Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a linguistics science that seeks to express the values of life that are revealed in language. Sociolinguistics is stuck in the study of language, which is purely empirical. This assessment can be observed when sociolinguistics only comes to the study of language, which reveals the linguistic system. It is essential to point out the other side of sociolinguistics that has not been explored, namely the aspect of language meaning. In this case, epistemology tries to challenge the existence of sociology concerning the role and function of sociolinguistics itself. Through literature study, Hermeneutics and heuristics are consistently and consistently used as the basis for the research method in this case. It can be concluded that sociolinguistics must begin to view language as a form of culture that becomes a social system and acts as a tool for human development.